Lecture 22 - Reproductive Systems: Assigned Female at Birth Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 classifications for the major components of the AFAB reproductive system?
A
- Gonad-related
- Tracts
- Accessory glands
2
Q
What are the gonad-related components?
A
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
3
Q
What are the tracts of the AFAB reproductive system?
A
- Vagina
- External genitalia (vulva)
4
Q
What are the accessory glands of the AFAB reproductive system?
A
- Greater vestibular gland
- Paraurethral glands
5
Q
Where is the uterus and vagina located?
A
Anteriorly: Between bladder and urethra
Posteriorly: Rectum
6
Q
What is located in the pelvis of an AFAB when not pregnant?
A
- Ovaries
- Uterus
- Vagina
7
Q
What tract is separate from the reproductive tract in an AFAB?
A
The urethra and urinary tract
8
Q
What is the vagina?
A
- Distensible fibromuscular tube from external female genitalia to cervix of uterus
- Length varies, enlarges during sexual arousal
9
Q
What is found on the walls of the vagina?
A
Vaginal rugae
10
Q
What is the vaginal vault?
A
Expanded space at superior end of vagina
11
Q
What protrudes into the vaginal vault?
A
The cervix of the uterus
12
Q
What does the protrusion of the cervix create in the vaginal vault?
A
- Protrudes into it like a dome
- Creates recesses around margin of vault
13
Q
What are these recesses around the margin of the vault called?
A
Fornices
14
Q
What is the function of the vaginal vault?
A
Receives semen during intrercourse
15
Q
What is the cervix of the uterus?
A
Muscular neck of the uterus protrudes into the superior part of the vagina
16
Q
What does the cervix surround?
A
The spindle-shaped cervical canal
17
Q
What does the cervix allow?
A
Communication with the vagina at the external cervical os and with the uterus proper at the internal cervical os
18
Q
What is the internal cervical os?
A
Opening of cervix into the uterus
19
Q
What is the external cervical os?
A
Opening of cervix into the vagina
20
Q
Where is the cervical canal located?
A
Between internal os and external os
21
Q
What is the shape of the external os with no previous births?
A
Nulliparous
22
Q
What is the shape of the external os with at least one previous birth?
A
Parous
23
Q
What is the uterus?
A
Muscular organ located in the center of the pelvis, between bladder and rectum
24
Q
What are the parts of the uterus?
A
- Cervix
- Body
- Fundus
25
What do the parts of the uterus create?
Cavity, isthmus (narrowed inlet into internal os)
26
What is the function of the uterus?
1. Site of fertilized egg implantation
2. Development of embryo/fetus
27
What are the fallopian tubes?
Paired muscular tubes extending laterally from superolateral corners of the uterus
28
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
Site of egg fertilization by sperm
29
What are the structures in the fallopian tubes that play a role in fertilization?
1. Ampulla
2. Infundibulum
3. Fimbriae
30
What occurs in the ampulla?
Normal site of fertilization
31
What is the infundibulum?
- Funnel shaped
- Open to peritoneal cavity
- Next to the ovary
32
What do the fimbriae do?
Projections that catch ovum during ovulation
33
What is the ovary?
Attached to uterus via ligament of the ovary
34
Where is the ovary located?
On lateral wall of pelvis, inferior to pelvic inlet
35
What is the function of the ovary?
Oogenesis
36
What is the structure of the uterine wall?
1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium
3. Endometrium
37
What type of layer is the perimetrium?
Serous
38
What type of layer is the myometrium?
Muscular
39
What type of layer is the endometrium?
Mucosal layer for implantation
40
Which structures of an AFAB are sub-peritoneal?
- Urinary bladder
- Vagina
41
Which structures are intra-peritoneal?
- Uterus
- Uterine tubes
- Ovaries
42
Why are the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries intra-peritoneal?
They protrude into the peritoneal cavity enough that they are surrounded by peritoneum
43
What are the two peritoneal recesses in AFAB?
1. Vesicouterine pouch
2. Rectouterine pouch
44
Are the ovary and infundibulum connected?
No, they are in contact but developed apart
45
What are the ovary and infundibulum encased in?
Their own peritoneum
46
What is necessary to allow the ovum to enter the infundibulum?
A hole in the peritoneum
47
What is the typical position of the uterus?
- Anteverted
- Anteflexed
- Rests on the bladder
48
What does anteverted mean?
Cervix bends anteriorly relative to the vagina
49
What does anteflexed mean?
Uterus bends anteriorly relative to the cervix
50
What are the abnormal positions of the uterus?
1. Retroflexed
2. Retroverted
51
What symptoms may occur when the uterus is abnormally positioned?
- Painful bowel movements
- Difficulty conceiving (obstructed ovaries or incarcerated uterus)
52
What are the angles of the uterus?
1. Flexion
2. Version
53
What is the flexion angle?
Between the cervix and the body of uterus
54
What is the version angle?
Between the cervix and the vagina
55
What supports the uterus?
1. Levator ani (pelvic floor)
2. Uterine ligaments
3. Broad ligament of the uterus (sheet of the peritoneaum)
56
What are the uterine ligaments?
1. Round ligament of the uterus
2. Cardinal ligament (transverse cervical)
3. Uterosacral ligament (sacro-cervical)
57
What is the round ligament of the uterus?
Homolog of the spermatic cord in the AMAB
58
Where is the round ligament of the uterus?
From: Superolateral corners of the uterus
Through: Inguinal canal
To: Labia majora
59
What is the function of the round ligament of the uterus?
Maintains the position of the uterus (especially during pregnancy as the uterus grows)
60
Where is the cardinal ligament?
From: Pelvic wall
To: Cervix and lateral fornices of vagina
61
What is the function of the cardinal ligament?
1. Maintain a central position of the uterus
2. Protect uterine vessels
62
What is the uterosacral ligament?
Peritoneal covering creates uterosacral folds at the anterior margin of the rectouterine pouch
63
Where is the uterosacral ligament?
From: Sacrum
To: Cervix
64
What is the function of the uterosacral ligament?
Maintain the central position of the uterus
65
What is the broad ligament of the uterus?
- Sheet of peritoneum
- Double fold of peritoneum
- Connects them to walls and floor of the pelvis
66
What does the broad ligament cover?
Anterior and posterior uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries
67
What does the broad ligament "drape"?
Drapes L/R sides of the uterus over the uterine tubes
68
What does the broad ligament of the uterus enclose?
Anterior: Round ligament of the uterus
Posterior: Ligament of the ovary and the ovary
+ associated structures
69
What are the different parts of the broad ligament of the uterus?
1. Mesometrium
2. Mesosalpinx
3. Mesovarium
70
What is the mesometrium?
Largest part of the broad ligament
71
Where is the mesometrium?
From: Lateral pelvic walls and uterine ligaments
To: Body of the uterus
72
What is the mesosalpinx?
Most superior part of the broad ligament
73
Where is the mesosalpinx?
Between uterine tube and ovary
74
What is the mesovarium?
Posterior extension of the broad ligament
75
Where is the mesovarium?
Attaches to and suspends the ovary
76
What is the ligament of the ovary?
Former gubernaculum
77
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
- Former gubernaculum
- Continuous with round ligament
78
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
- Peritoneum surrounding ovarian artery and vein
- Extends laterally from ovary and infundibulum
79
What are the features of the AFAB external genitalia?
1. Labia majora
2. Labia minora
3. Clitoris
4. Vaginal vestibule
80
What is the labia majora?
- Most external
- Analogous to scrotum
81
What is the labia minora?
- 2 hairless skin folds
- Medial to labia majora
82
What is the clitoris?
Located at anterior/superior junction of labia minora
83
What forms the body of the clitoris?
Free part of corpora cavernosa
84
What is the vaginal vestibule?
- Region between 2 labia minora
- Contains urethral and vaginal orifices, and accessory glands
85
What is the erectile tissue of an AFAB?
1. Corpora cavernosa (x2)
2. Bulbs of the vestibule (x2)
86
What is the crura of the corpora cavernosa?
- Proximal parts of corpora cavernosa
- Attached to pubic arch
- 2x
87
What are the bulbs of the vestibule?
Analogous to corpus spongiosum in AMAB
88
What are the greater vestibular glands?
- Allows for lubrication and cleaning of vagina
- Analogous to bulbourethral glands in AMAB
89
What are the skeletal muscles of an AFAB?
1. Ischiocavernosus
2. Bulbospongiosus
90
What is the ischiocavernosus?
Covers crura of corpora cavernosa
91
Where is the ischiocavernosus?
Attaches to ischial tuberosity and pubic arch
92
What is the function of the ischiocavernosus?
Forces blood from crura into body of clitoris for engorgement
93
What is the bulbospongiosus?
Covers the bulb of the vestibule
94
Where is the bulbospongiosus?
Attaches to perineal membrane and body
95
What is the function of the bulbospongiosus?
Forces blood into distal region of clitoris
96
What is the innervation of the AFAB skeletal muscles?
Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
97
What type of innervation does the pudendal nerve give?
Somatic innervation
