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ANAT-316 > Lecture 17 - Midgut and Hindgut > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Midgut and Hindgut Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the midgut begin?

A

Duodenum

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2
Q

Where does the midgut end?

A

2/3 of the way along the transverse colon

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3
Q

Where does the hindgut begin?

A

2/3 of the way along the transverse colon

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4
Q

Where does the hindgut end?

A

Partway through the anal canal

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5
Q

What branch of the abdominal aorta goes to the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery (L1)

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6
Q

What branch of the abdominal aorta goes to the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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7
Q

What are the parts of the midgut?

A
  1. Duodenum (distal 1/2)
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
  4. Cecum + appendix
  5. Ascending colon
  6. Transverse colon (proximal 2/3)
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8
Q

What are the parts of the hindgut?

A
  1. Transverse colon (distal 1/3)
  2. Descending colon
  3. Sigmoid colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal canal (proximal)
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9
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Proximal portion of the small intestine

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10
Q

What is the distal end of the duodenum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

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11
Q

What supports the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

Suspensory muscle of the duodenum

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12
Q

What is the proximal end of the duodenum?

A

Pylorus

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13
Q

What divisions of the duodenum are part of the midgut?

A
  1. Inferior (D3)
  2. Ascending (D4)
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14
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Middle portion of the small intestine

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15
Q

What quadrant is the jejunum in?

A

Left upper quadrant

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16
Q

What is the proximal end of the jejunum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

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17
Q

What is the distal end of the jejunum?

A

N/A

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18
Q

What are the characteristic features of the jejunum?

A
  1. Numerous, deep plicae circulares
  2. Arterial supply within mesenteric:
  3. Thicker walls
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19
Q

What is distinct about the arterial supply in the mesenteric of the jejunum?

A

a) Long vasa recta
b) Few arterial arcades

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20
Q

What are the plicae circulares?

A
  • Circular mucosal folds inside the lumen
  • Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
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21
Q

What shape are the vasa recta?

A

Straight arteries

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22
Q

What shape are the arterial arcades?

A

Loops/arches

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23
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Distal portion of the small intestine

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24
Q

What quadrant is the ileum in?

A

Right lower quadrant

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25
Q

What is the proximal end of the ileum?

A

N/A

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26
Q

What is the distal end of the ileum?

A

Ileocecal junction

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27
Q

What are the characteristic features of the ileum?

A
  1. Sparse, small plicae circulares
  2. Numerous lymphoid nodules
  3. Arterial supply within mesentery
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28
Q

What is distinct about the arterial supply in the mesenteric of the ileum?

A

a) Short vasa recta
b) Numerous arterial arcades

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29
Q

What are the lymphoid nodules in the ileum?

A
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Role in intestinal immune response
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30
Q

What is the mesentery of the small intestine?

A
  • A double layer of peritoneum
  • Suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall
  • Carries blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
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31
Q

What structures contribute to the blood supply in the mesentery?

A

Arterial branches of the superior mesenteric artery and vein

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32
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  1. Some absorption of fluids, electrolytes, etc
  2. Conversion of liquid waste into semisolid fecal matter
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33
Q

Which is shorter, the large or the small intestine?

A

The large intestine

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34
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5 m

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35
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

6-7 m

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36
Q

What are the divisions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Appendix
  2. Cecum
  3. Ascending colon
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Descending colon
  6. Sigmoid colon
  7. Rectum
  8. Anal canal
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37
Q

What are some characteristics of the colon wall?

A
  1. Haustra
  2. Epiploic appendages
  3. Teniae coli
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38
Q

What are the haustra on the colon wall?

A

Pouches/sacculations

39
Q

What are the teniae coli on the colon wall?

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

40
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Blind intestinal pouch

41
Q

What is the function of the cecum?

A
  1. Absorption of fluids and electrolytes
  2. Secretion of mucus to lubricate food waste
42
Q

What type of organ is the cecum?

A

Intraperitoneal (no mesentery)

43
Q

Where is the cecum located?

A

Right lower quadrant

44
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Blind intestinal diverticulum (outpouching)

45
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A
  1. Contains lymphoid tissue
  2. Possible reservoir for healthy gut bacteria
46
Q

What type of organ is the appendix?

A

Intraperitoneal

47
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

Right lower quadrant

48
Q

What are the most common positions of the appendix?

A
  1. Retrocecal (43%)
  2. Pelvic (32%)
49
Q

What are the less common positions of the appendix?

A
  1. Subcecal (2%)
  2. Pre/post ileal (<2%)
50
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A
  • AKA appendicitis
  • 1/3 of the way from ASIS to umbilicus
51
Q

What are the structures on the appendix?

A
  1. Ileocecal valve
  2. Orifice of the appendix
52
Q

What action does the cecum have on the sphincter?

A

Closes it

53
Q

What action does the ileum have on the sphincter?

A

Opens it

54
Q

What is the function of the ascending colon?

A

Connects and allows fluids to move freely between abdominal compartments

55
Q

What is the proximal end of the ascending colon?

A

Cecum

56
Q

What is the distal end of the ascending colon?

A

Hepatic flexure

57
Q

What type of organ is the ascending colon?

A

Retroperitoneal

58
Q

What are the structures of the ascending colon?

A
  1. Hepatic flexure
  2. Right/left lateral paracolic gutters
59
Q

What impression does the hepatic flexure create?

A

The colic impression on the underside of the liver

60
Q

What are the right/left lateral paracolic gutters?

A
  • Folding of the peritoneum forming gutters
  • Between the colon and the posterolateral abdominal wall
61
Q

What is unique of the transverse colon?

A

Longest and most mobile region

62
Q

What is the proximal end of the transverse colon?

A

Hepatic flexure

63
Q

What is the distal end of the transverse colon?

A

Splenic flexure

64
Q

What type of organ is the transverse colon?

A

Intraperitoneal

65
Q

What are the structures of the transverse colon?

A
  1. Transverse mesocolon
  2. Greater omentum
66
Q

What is the transverse mesocolon?

A

Mesentery associated with the transverse colon

67
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

Connected to the transverse colon and adheres to the transverse mesocolon

68
Q

What is the proximal end of the descending colon?

A

Splenic flexure

69
Q

What is the distal end of the descending colon?

A

Sigmoid colon

70
Q

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

A

Branches of the superior mesenteric artery (L1)

71
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A
  1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
  2. Jejunal arteries
  3. Ileal arteries
  4. Ileocolic artery
  5. Right colic artery
  6. Middle colic artery
72
Q

What type of organ is the descending colon?

A

Retroperitoneal

73
Q

What impression does the splenic flexure create?

A

Colic impression on the spleen

74
Q

What connects the splenic flexure to the diaphragm?

A

The phrenicocolic ligament

75
Q

What is characteristic of the sigmoid colon?

A

S-shaped portion of the distal large intestine

76
Q

What type of organ is the sigmoid colon?

A

Intraperitoneal

77
Q

What does the sigmoid colon run?

A

Crosses the left iliac fossa and enters pelvis

78
Q

What is the distal end of the sigmoid colon?

A

Rectum

79
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Stores fecal matter before it is released through the anal canal

80
Q

What type of organ is the rectum?

A

Retroperitoneal

81
Q

What is the proximal end of the rectum?

A

Rectosigmoid junction (@ S3)

82
Q

What is the distal end of the rectum?

A

Anorectal junction

83
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

Terminal part of the GI tract

84
Q

Where is the anal canal located?

A

Located within the pelvic floor

85
Q

What is the proximal end of the anal canal?

A

Anorectal junction

86
Q

What is the distal end of the anal canal?

A

Pectinate line (ends at anus)

87
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

Point at which the anal canal surface transitions from endoderm to ectoderm

88
Q

What is the difference between endoderm and ectoderm?

A

Endoderm: Like rest of anal canal
Ectoderm: Like skin

89
Q

What are the structures of the anal canal?

A
  1. Internal anal sphincter
  2. External anal sphincter
90
Q

Which sphincter is involuntary?

A

Internal sphincter

91
Q

Which sphincter is voluntary?

A

External sphincter

92
Q

What is the blood supply of the hindgut?

A

Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

93
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  1. Left colic artery
  2. Sigmoid arteries
  3. Superior rectal artery

ANAT-316 (25 decks)

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