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ANAT-316 > Lecture 18 - Posterior Abdomen and Abdominal Arteries > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Posterior Abdomen and Abdominal Arteries Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the posterior wall muscles?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Quadratus lumborum
  3. Psoas minor
  4. Psoas major
  5. Iliacus
  6. Iliopsoas
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2
Q

What are the 3 hiatuses?

A
  1. Caval hiatus (T8)
  2. Esophageal hiatus (T10)
  3. Aortic hiatus (T12)
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3
Q

What are the 3 arcuate ligaments?

A
  1. Lateral arcuate ligament
  2. Medial arcuate ligament
  3. Median arcuate ligament
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4
Q

What does the lateral arcuate ligament create a passage for?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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5
Q

What does the medial arcuate ligament create a passage for?

A

Psoas major/minor

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6
Q

What does the median arcuate ligament create a passage for?

A

Aorta (aortic hiatus)

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7
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

Smooth, ovoid organs covered in a fibrous capsule

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8
Q

What are the margins of the kidneys?

A
  1. Medial margin
  2. Lateral margin
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9
Q

What are the poles of the kidneys?

A
  1. Superior pole
  2. Inferior pole
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10
Q

What are the structures of the kidneys?

A
  1. Hilum
  2. Renal artery
  3. Renal vein
  4. Ureter
  5. Fibrous capsule
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11
Q

What are the hilum on the kidneys an entrance for?

A

Renal sinus (on medial margin)

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12
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Funnel shaped region at the superior end of the ureter

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13
Q

What gland is located on the superior pole of the kidneys?

A

Adrenal (suprarenal) gland

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14
Q

What are the suprarenal glands attached to?

A

The crura of the diaphragm by the renal fascia

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15
Q

What are the layers of the internal kidney?

A
  1. Outer renal cortex
  2. Inner renal medulla
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16
Q

What are the parts of the renal cortex?

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Cortex
  3. Renal columns
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17
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

Extensions of the renal cortex into the renal medulla

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18
Q

What are the parts of the renal medulla?

A
  1. Renal pyramid
  2. Renal papilla
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19
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Divisions of the renal medulla by the renal columns

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20
Q

What are the renal papilla?

A

Apical projections of renal pyramids

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21
Q

What are the 2 different renal calices?

A
  1. Minor calyces
  2. Major calyx
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22
Q

How many minor calyces are there?

A

8-12 per kidney

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23
Q

How many major calyx are there?

A

2-3 per kidney

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24
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Cavity containing adipose, renal pelvis + calyces, and neurovasculature

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25
What is the nephron?
Functional unit of the kidney (average of 1M per kidney)
26
What are the renal connective tissues?
- Kidney's are associated with several outer layers of connective tissues - Kidney's -> retroperitoneal
27
What are the layers of fascia?
From outside to inside: 1. Thoracolumbar fascia 2. Transversalis fascia 3. Renal fascia 4. Parietal peritoneum
28
What are the layers of fat?
From outside to inside: 1. Paranephric (pararenal) 2. Perinephric (perirenal)
29
Where is paranephric fat located?
Outside the renal fascia
30
Where is perinephric fat located?
Between the fibrous capsule of the kidney and renal fascia
31
What are ureters?
- Retroperitoneal muscular tubes that carry from kidneys to urinary bladder - 25 to 30 cm
32
What are the layers of the suprarenal glands?
From outside to inside: 1. Capsule 2. Cortex 3. Medulla
33
What artery and vein cross over the ureter?
Gonadal a. and v.
34
Where do the visceral afferent nerves travel to?
T11-L2 spinal levels
35
Where is the referred pain of these visceral afferent nerves?
Ipsilateral lower abdomen/groin region
36
What are renal and ureteric calculi?
Stones/pebbles made of concentrated salts/minerals in urine
37
Where can calculi pass?
Into the ureter
38
What issues can large calculi cause in the ureter?
- Distention - Leads to intermittent pain (as stone is passed) - Can obstruct flow of urine
39
What are the treatments for calculi?
1. Nephroscopic removal 2. Lithotripsy
40
What is lithotripsy?
Shockwaves to break up calculi
41
What are the 3 sites of ureter constriction?
1. Ureteropelvic junction 2. Crossing iliac vessels at pelvic brim 3. Entering the wall of the bladder
42
What are the retroperitoneal structures?
1. Suprarenal glands 2. Aorta + inferior vena cava 3. Duodenum (D2 + D3) 4. Pancreas (except tail) 5. Ureters 6. Colon (Asc. + desc.) 7. Kidneys 8. Esophagus 9. Rectum
43
What are the paired parietal (segmental) arteries?
1. Inferior phrenic a. (T12) 2. Lumbar a. (L1-L4)
44
Where do the inferior phrenic arteries run?
- Branches off abdominal aorta - Located inferior to aortic hiatus
45
What do the inferior phrenic arteries supply?
Supply blood to inferior diaphragm
46
What is a branch of the inferior phrenic arteries?
Superior suprarenal arteries
47
Where do the lumbar arteries run?
- Arise from posterior aorta - Wrap laterally around vertebral bodies
48
What do the lumbar arteries supply?
- Parts of spinal cord - Posterior abdominal wall
49
What are the paired visceral arteries?
1. Middle suprarenal a. (L1) 2. Renal a. (L1/L2) 3. Gonadal a. (L2)
50
Where do the middle suprarenal arteries run?
Arises between celiac trunk and superior mesenteric a.
51
Where do the renal arteries run?
- Lateral branch arising between L1 and L2 vertebral levels - Enters hilum of the kidney
52
What do the renal arteries supply?
Kidneys
53
What is a branch of the renal arteries?
Inferior suprarenal arteries
54
Which renal artery is longer?
Right renal artery (passes behind the inferior vena cava)
55
Where do the gonadal arteries run?
- Lateral branch arising around L2 - Travels anterior to the ureter - Can be testicular or ovarian
56
What 3 sources supply blood to the suprarenal glands?
1. Superior suprarenal a. 2. Middle suprarenal a. 3. Inferior suprarenal a.
57
What are the 3 "trunks" of the abdominal arteries?
1. Celiac trunk (T12) 2. Superior mesenteric a. (L1) 3. Inferior mesenteric a. (L3)
58
What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
1. Left gastric artery 2. Splenic artery 3. Common hepatic artery
59
What is the branch of the splenic artery?
Left gastroepiploic a.
60
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
a) Gastroduodenal a. c) Right gastroepiploic a. d) Superior pancreaticoduodenal a. e) Right gastric a. f) Hepatic a. proper g) Cystic a. h) Right hepatic a. i) Left hepatic a.
61
What is the anastomosis along the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Between: Left gastric + Right gastric
62
What is the anastomosis along the greater curvature of the stomach?
Between: Left gastroepiploic + Right gastroepiploic
63
What does the cystic artery supply?
Gallbladder
64
What does the right hepatic artery supply?
Liver
65
What does the left hepatic artery supply?
Liver
66
What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. 2. Jejunal arteries 3. Ileal arteries 4. Ileocolic a. 5. Right colic a. 6. Middle colic a.
67
What anastomoses with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery?
Superior pancreaticoduodenal a.
68
What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
1. Left colic a. 2. Sigmoid arteries 3. Superior rectal artery
69
What is the marginal artery?
An arterial arcade near the splenic flexure
70
What anastomosis occurs at the marginal artery?
Between: Left colic + Middle colic

ANAT-316 (25 decks)

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