Lecture 19.1

Question 1

What is the Pharynx separated from and by?

Answer 1

Posteriorly separated from prevertebral fascia by loose connective tissue, so it can slide

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx?

Answer 2

1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx

Question 3

What is the significance of the Retropharyngeal space

Answer 3

Potential space for spread of infection

Question 4

Where is the Nasopharynx?

Answer 4

Lies behind nasal cavity & above the soft palate, nasal cavity opens to it

Question 5

What tube opens in the Nasopharynx and where?

Answer 5

Auditory tube opens in lateral wall

Question 6

Where can the Nasopharynx close?

Answer 6

Can be closed at pharyngeal isthmus - at level of soft palate

Question 7

What is the tonsil?

Answer 7

Pharyngeal tonsil (Adenoid)
- Located beneath the mucous membrane lining the upper part of posterior wall

Question 8

What is the level of the Oropharynx?

Answer 8

From soft palate to epiglottis of larynx

Question 9

Where does the Oral Cavity open and what is it bounded by?

Answer 9

Opens through oropharyngeal isthmus, bounded on each side by palatoglossal arches

Question 10

What arches does the palatine tonsil lie between?

Answer 10

Palatoglossal & Palatopharyngeal arches

Question 11

What is the level of the Laryngopharynx?

Answer 11

Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebra)

Question 12

Where does the oesophagus open?

Answer 12

Inferiorly

Question 13

Where does the Laryngeal Aditus open?

Answer 13

Anteriorly

Question 14

What is on either side of the Laryngeal Aditus?

Answer 14

Piriform fossa
- Foreign bodies tend to get lodged

Question 15

What are the muscles in the Pharyngeal wall and how many are there?

Answer 15

3 paired constrictor muscles

Question 16

List the constrictors that make up the Anterior Attachment

Answer 16

1) Superior Constrictor
2) Middle Constrictor
3) Inferior Constrictor

Question 17

Describe the Superior Constrictor

Answer 17

• Medial pterygoid plate
• Posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible
• Pterygomandibular raphe, leaving a gap above for auditory tube and a muscle

Question 18

Describe the Middle Constrictor

Answer 18

Lower part of stylohyoid ligament & hyoid bone

Question 19

What do the 2 parts of the Inferior Constrictor form from?

Answer 19

Thyroid & Cricoid cartilages

Question 20

List the 2 parts of the Inferior Constrictor and what they form

Answer 20

1) Thyropharyngeus
2) Cricopharyngeus
- Forms a sphincter at oesophagus entrance

Question 21

Describe the Posterior Attachment

Answer 21

• Inserted to the midline Pharyngeal raphe
• It is attached to pharyngeal tubercle on base of skull

Question 22

What is the motor supply to the Pharynx?

Answer 22

Pharyngeal branch of the Vagus
- Motor to muscles of pharynx & soft palate

Question 23

What is the sensory supply to the Pharynx?

Answer 23

• Pharyngeal branch of V2 - sensory to Nasopharynx
• Glossopharyngeal nerve - sensory to Oropharynx
• Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve of Vagus Nerve – sensory to laryngopharynx

Question 24

What do the nerves from the sensory nerve supply form?

Answer 24

A plexus in the submucosa termed pharyngeal plexus

Question 25

Where does the Pharynx receive blood from?

Answer 25

- **Ascending pharyngeal branch** of the **external carotid artery** - Pharyngeal branches of the maxillary artery

Question 26

What is the Venous Drainage of the Pharynx?

Answer 26

**Pterygoid plexus** of veins

Question 27

What is the Lymph Drainage of the Pharynx?

Answer 27

**Deep cervical nodes** either directly or via the **retropharyngeal** nodes

Question 28

What does the Soft Palate consist of?

Answer 28

- **Aponeurosis** to which several muscles are attached & enclosed in mucous membrane - **Uvula**, a conical projection, hangs from the lower margin

Question 29

What is the main function of the Soft Palate?

Answer 29

To **close off** the **nasopharynx** from the **oropharynx** during swallowing

Question 30

What is the Sensory & Blood supply of the Soft Palate?

Answer 30

**Lesser palatine** nerves & arteries

Question 31

Where do the Lymph's drain to in the Soft Palate?

Answer 31

**Retropharyngeal** & **upper deep cervical nodes**

Question 32

List the Palatine Muscles of the Soft Palate

Answer 32

1) Tensor palati 2) Levator palati 3) Palatoglossus 4) Palatopharyngeus

Question 33

Where does the Tensor palatii arise from?

Answer 33

Upper end of the posterior border of **medial pterygoid plate** and the **cartilaginous part** of **auditory tube**

Question 34

What is the nerve supply of the Tensor palati?

Answer 34

V3- Mandibular division of Trigeminal

Question 35

What is nerve supply of the other Palatine muscles?

Answer 35

**Pharyngeal branch** of **Vagus nerve**

Question 36

What is the function of the Tensor palati?

Answer 36

**Tense the aponeurosis** so that other muscles can act on it

Question 37

What is the action of the Levator palati?

Answer 37

With the aponeurosis tensed, **elevates** the soft palate

Question 38

What is action of the Palatoglossus?

Answer 38

**Pull up** the tongue & **constrict** the oropharyngeal isthmus

Question 39

What is the action of the Palatopharyngeus?

Answer 39

**Elevate** the larynx & pharynx or **depresses** the soft palate

Question 40

What is the Auditory Tube?

Answer 40

The channel which join the **Tympanic cavity** & the **Nasopharynx**

Question 41

Which part of the Auditory tube is Cartilaginous?

Answer 41

Medial part

Question 42

What is the function of the Auditory Tube?

Answer 42

To **equalise** the pressures on either side of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)