List #9

Question 1

dura mater

Answer 1

• Tough outer layer of the meninges

- primarily composed of tough, white, dense connective tissues and contains many blood vessels and nerves

Question 2

arachnoid mater

Answer 2

• Delicate, weblike middle layer of the meninges

- Has no blood vessels

Question 3

pia mater

Answer 3

• Inner layer of meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord
• blood vessels that nourish the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord

Question 4

epidural space

Answer 4

-Space between the dural sheath of the spinal cord and the bone of the vertebral canal

Question 5

subarachnoid space

Answer 5

• Rests between the arachnoid and pia mater, which contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 6

falx cerebri

Answer 6

• Extends downward into he longitudinal fissures, and separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

lateral ventricles

Answer 7

-The largest of the ventricles

Question 8

third ventricles

Answer 8

• located in the midline of the brain beneath the corpus callosum.

Question 9

fourth ventricles

Answer 9

• Located in the brainstem

Question 10

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 10

• Canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain

Question 11

arachnoid granulations

Answer 11

• Any of several fingerlike structures that projects from the subarachnoid space of the meninges into blood-filled dural sinuses and reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid

Question 12

blood-brain barrier

Answer 12

-Astrocytes provide a barrier between the blood and the brain interstitial fluid

Question 13

interventricular foramen

Answer 13

• the opening from each lateral ventricle into the third ventricle of the brain
• found in the prosencephalon

Question 14

cervical and lumbar enlargements

Answer 14

• cervical enlargements: thickening in the spinal cord found in the neck region, which supplies nerves to the upper limbs.
• lumbar enlargements: thickening in the spinal cord of the lower back region, gives off nerves to the lower limbs

Question 15

conus medullaris

Answer 15

• Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord tapers to this structure.

Question 16

funiculi (anterior, lateral, and posterior)

Answer 16

-The white matter of the spinal cord which is split into three regions anterior, lateral, and posterior. consists of longitudinal bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that compose the major pathways called tracts.

Question 17

gray matter of spinal cord (dorsal, lateral, and ventral horn)

Answer 17

-The pattern the gray matter produces roughly resembles a butterfly with its wings spread. These dorsal horns and the ventral horns. Between them on either side in some regions is a protrusion of gray matter called the lateral horn.

Question 18

dorsal root vs. ventral root

Answer 18

• Ventral root: consists of axons from the motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within the gray matter of the cord
• Dorsal root: can be identified by an enlargement called the dorsal root ganglion. It contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons whose axons conducts impulses inward from peripheral body parts.

Question 19

posterior medial sulcus vs. anterior median fissure

Answer 19

-Two grooves that extend the length of the spinal cord, dividing it into right and left halves. The anterior median fissure is deep and the posterior medial sulcus is shallow.

Question 20

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

Answer 20

• Tracts in the posterior funiculi of the spinal cord. Their fibers conduct sensory impulses from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain.
• Part of the ascending tracts of the spinal cord

Question 21

spinocerebellar tracts

Answer 21

• They lie near the surface in the lateral funicular of the spinal cord. Fibers in the posterior tracts remain uncrossed, whereas those in the anterior tracts cross over in the medulla.
• Part of the ascending tracts of the spinal cord

Question 22

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 22

-Either of the large, paired structures that constitute the cerebrum

Question 23

corpus callosum

Answer 23

-Mass of white matter in the brain composed of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 24

convolutions (sulci vs. gyri)

Answer 24

• Gyri= many ridges of convultions separated by grooves, mark the cerebrum’s surface
• Sulci= A shallow to somewhat deep groove

Question 25

longitudinal fissure

Answer 25

- Separates the right an left cerebral hemispheres

Question 26

insula

Answer 26

- Cerebral lobe deep within the lateral sulcus

Question 27

central sulcus

Answer 27

- Splits the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe

Question 28

hippocampus

Answer 28

- Part of the vertebral cortex where memories form

Question 29

basal nuclei

Answer 29

- Masses of grey matter deep within a cerebral hemisphere

Question 30

thalamus

Answer 30

- Mass of mostly gray matter at the base of the cerebrum, bulging from the wall on either side of the third ventricle

Question 31

hypothalamus

Answer 31

- Part of the brain located below the thalamus and forming the floor of the third ventricle

Question 32

optic chiasma

Answer 32

- X-shaped structure on the underside of the brain formed by optic nerve fibers that cross over

Question 33

pituitary gland

Answer 33

- Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that consists of anterior and posterior lobes; the hypophysis

Question 34

pineal gland

Answer 34

- Small structure in the central part of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which affects certain biological rhythms

Question 35

mammillary bodies

Answer 35

-One of two small, rounded bodies posterior to the hypothalamus involved with reflexes associated with the sense of smell

Question 36

limbic system

Answer 36

- Connected structures in the brain that produce emotional feelings

Question 37

corpora quadrigemina

Answer 37

-Two pairs of rounded knobs on the superior surface of the midbrain mark the location of four nuclei

Question 38

reticular formation

Answer 38

- Complex network of nerve fibers and islands of gray matter in the brainstem that arouses the cerebrum

Question 39

cerebellar peduncles vs. cerebral peduncles

Answer 39

- cerebellar peduncles: three pairs of nerve tracts that allows the cerebellum to communicate with other parts of the CNS - cerebral peduncles:

Question 40

cholinergic receptors vs. adrenergic receptors

Answer 40

- cholinergic: the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions all secrete acetylcholine - adrenergic: Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons, secrete norepinephrine

Question 41

tentorium cerebelli

Answer 41

-Separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from cerebellum

Question 42

spinothalmic tracts

Answer 42

- they are located in the lateral and anterior funiculi. The lateral tracts conduct impulses from various body regions to the brain and give a rise to sensations of pain and temperature. - impulses conducted o the anterior tracts are interpreted as touch and pressure - Impulses in these tracts cross over the spinal cord

Question 43

What are the parts of the 3 vesicle brain?

Answer 43

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon

Question 44

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

Answer 44

- Lateral Ventricles - Interventricular foramen - Splits to make the telencephalon & diencephalon

Question 45

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

Answer 45

-Cerebral Aqueduct

Question 46

Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

Answer 46

- 4th Ventricle | - splits into metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 47

What are the parts of the 5 vesicle brain?

Answer 47

-Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesecephalon, Metecephalon, and Myelencephalon

Question 48

Telencephalon

Answer 48

- Cerebral Hemispheres | - lateral ventricles

Question 49

Diencephalon

Answer 49

- Hypothalamus - Thalamus - Pineal Gland - Pituitary Gland - Third ventricles

Question 50

Metencephalon

Answer 50

- pons | - cerebellum

Question 51

Myelencephalon

Answer 51

-medulla oblongata