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Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bregma

A

The landmark where the anterior fontanel has closed

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2
Q

Lambda

A

The landmark where the posterior fontanel has closed

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3
Q

What is the origin of the pronator teres?

A

medial epicondyle

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4
Q

The infraorbital foramen is located where?

A

Maxilla

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5
Q

The supraorbital foramen is located where?

A

Frontal Bone

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6
Q

How many vertebra compose the coccyx before fusion?

A

4

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7
Q

List a function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

It is sensory: hearing and balance(ear infections affect balance)

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8
Q

Which cranial nerves are only sensory?

A

1-olfactory ,2-optic , and 8-vestibulocochlear

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9
Q

Where is the internal auditory meatus located?

A

Temporal Bone

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10
Q

Name the smallest middle ear bone

A

Stapes

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11
Q

Name the largest middle ear bone

A

Malleus

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12
Q

Where are the mental foramina located?

A

mandible

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13
Q

Where is the lesser trochanter located?

A

Femur

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14
Q

The jugular foramen is located in between which bones?

A

temporal and occipital

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15
Q

Which suture links the parietal and frontal bone

A

Coronal

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16
Q

What does keratin do?

A

Waterproofs your skin

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17
Q

Where can non-keratin stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

The mouth on the cheek

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18
Q

What basic tissue types make up all glands?

A

Epithelium

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19
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Description: Single layer, flattened cells
Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface
Location: Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, lining body cavities

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20
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Description: Single layer, cube-shaped cells
Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
Location: Surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules, and linings of ducts of certain glands

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21
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Description: Single layer, elongated cells
Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
Location: Linings of uterus, stomach, and intestines

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22
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Description: Single layer, elongated cells
Function: protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances
Location: Linings of respiratory passages

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23
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Description: many layers, top cells flattened
Function: Protection
Location: Superficial portion of skin and linings of oral cavity, salivary glands, and pancreas

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24
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Description: 2-3 layers, cube shaped cells
Function: Protection
Location: Linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

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25
Stratified columnar epithelium
Description: Top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells Function: Protection, secretion Location: Part of the male urethra and lining of larger ducts of excretory glands
26
Transitional epithelium
Description: Many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells Function: Distensibility, protection Location: Inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra
27
Glandular epithelium
Description: Unicellular/multicellular Function: Secretion Location: Salivary glands, sweat glands, endocrine glands
28
What is the most prevalent cartilage in the body?
Hyaline Cartilage
29
Norepinephrine(NE)
Tells adipocytes to break down the triglycerides
30
What does adipocytes(fat droplets) contain?
Triglycerides
31
What are the two kinds of fat?
yellow fat & brown fat (only found in infants and hibernating mammals)
32
Areolar(Loose) connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid- gel matrix Function: Binds organs Location: Beneath the skin (hypodermis), surrounds organs
33
Adipose connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function: Protects, insulates, and stores fat Location: Beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart
34
Reticular Connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function: Supports Location: Walls of liver and spleen
35
Dense Regular Connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function: Binds body parts Location: Tendons, ligaments
36
Dense irregular connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function: Sustains tissue tension Location: Dermis
37
Elastic connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function: provides flexible framework Location: Framework of external ear and part of larynx
38
Fibrocartilage
Description: Cells in solid-gel matrix Function: Supports, protects, absorbs shock Location: Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee
39
Bone
Description: cells in solid matrix Function: Supports, protects, provides framework Location: Bones of skeleton, middle ear
40
Blood
Description: Cells and platelets in fluid matrix Function: Transports gases, defends against disease, clotting Location: Throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
41
What are the three different types of muscles?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
42
Skeletal muscle
striations are made up of myosin(dark bands) and actin(light bands)
43
Cardiac muscle
shorter, branched, striated, intercalated disks
44
Smooth muscle
fusiform shape, no striations, no organization which makes it the slowest and weakest of the muscles.
45
What kind of junctions allow for communication in intercalated disks?
series of gap junctions
46
What are some different types of neurons?
projecting axons and interneurons
47
What is found in white matter?
projecting axons, myelin- lipid covers the axon & gives the white apparatus, and glia- oligodendrocytes
48
Microvilli
It is smaller and shorter than cilia and increases surface area (absorption); it can be found on the small intestines and stomach on the apical surface
49
Epiphyseal disk
Growth plate made up of hyaline cartilage
50
Fontanels
Anterior (largest) Posterior Sphenoid (anterolateral) Mastoid (posterlateral
51
Why do we have fontanels?
1) allows for the compression of the head during child birth | 2) allows for the expansion of the head for when the glial cells and myelin continue to grow
52
Bregma
The point of the coronal and saggital sutures meeting where the anterior closes (anterior fontanel).
53
Lambda
Posterior fontanel that closes where the saggital and lambdoidal sutures close.
54
What are the two ways bone can ossify?
Intramembraneous and endochondral
55
What kind of bones are made through intramembraneous ossification?
most flat bones are made this way; frontal and parietal bones
56
What kind of bones are made through endochondral ossification?
most of the skeleton is made this way; long bones
57
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
1) cartilaginous model= hyaline cartilage 2) periosteal collar= forming around the diaphysis 3) create available space= medullary cavity 4) blood vessels grow into the space 5) Primary ossification center= diaphysis 6) secondary ossification centers= epiphyseal areas
58
What are the four structures that allow hematopoiesis to take place?
yolk sac, liver, spleen and bone marrow
59
What is in the medullary cavity?
Red or yellow marrow
60
What is hematopoiesis?
The production of blood cells
61
What are the first three bones that ossify ?
Stapes, incus, and malleus
62
Which fontanel is the last one to close?
Anterior usually at 18 months
63
What do the middle ear bones do?
amplify sound
64
Articulating cartilage
found in joints, hyaline cartilage
65
What is proprioception?
Knowing where your body is in space
66
Where are proprioceptors located?
muscles- tells the length tendons- degree of contraction joints- angle of the joint
67
In cranial nerves what does motor mean?
information is going away from the CNS
68
In cranial nerves what does sensory mean?
information is traveling towards the CNS
69
1) olfactory nerves
- Sensory | Function: Sensor fiber conduct impulses associated with sense of smell.
70
4) trochlear nerves
-Primarily motor Function: motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes. Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with proprioceptors
71
5) trigeminal nerves
Ophthalmic: Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids. Maxillary:" " upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate, and skin of the face Mandibular: scalp, skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip. Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands
72
6) abducen nerves
-Primarily Motor Function: Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes. Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with proprioceptors.
73
7) facial nerves
-Function: sensory- associated with taste receptors of the anterior of the tongue. motor- muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands.
74
8) vestibulocochlear nerves
-Sensory Vestibular: sense of equilibrium Cochlear: sense of hearing
75
9) glossopharyngeal
- sensory- pharynx, tonsils, posterior of tongue, and carotid arteries - motor- salivary glands and to muscles of the pharynx used in swallowing.
76
10) vagus nerves
``` -sensory= pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. somatic= muscles associated with speech and swallowing; autonomic- viscera of the thorax and abdomen. ```
77
11) spinal accessory nerves
-motor= muscles of the neck and back; some proprioceptor input
78
12) hypoglossal nerves
-motor= muscles that move the tongue, some proprioceptor input
79
2) Optic
-Sensory= conduct impulses associated with the sense of vision
80
1) olfactory
-Sensory= conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell
81
What can be found in both gray and white matter?
myelin and projecting neurons
82
Merocrine glands
A fluid product released through the cell membrane by exocytosis. Salivary, pancreatic, and sweat glands
83
Apocrine Glands
Cellular product and portions of the free ends of glandular cells pinch of during secretion. Mammary, ceruminous glands, lining of the external acoustic meatus
84
Holocrine Glands
Disintegrated entire cells filled with secretory products. Sebaceous glands of the skin
85
Where are the fastest muscles found?
The eye
86
What are the three types of connective tissue cell types?
macrophages, fibroblasts, and mast cells
87
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers that fibroblasts produce?
collagen, elastic, and reticular
88
Collagen fibers
Thick threads of the protein collage, which is a major structural protein. Holds structures together, such as tendons and ligaments. It is found abundantly in dense regular connective tissue
89
Elastic fibers
Composed of springlike protein called elastin; made for stretching found in vocal cords and air passages.
90
Reticular fibers
They are thin collagen fibers. Found in areas like the spleen
91
What is cartilage?
A rigid connective tissue
92
What are the three major types of epithelial membranes?
serous, mucous, and cutaneous
93
Synovial membrane
it is composed entirely of connective tissues and lines joints

Anatomy (17 decks)

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