Chapter 11 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Procencephalon
A
-Forebrain split up into the Telencephalon and the Diencephalon
2
Q
Telencephalon
A
- Part of the Procencephalon
- Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, cerebrum, basal nuclei, and hippocampus
3
Q
Diencephalon
A
- Part of the Procencephalon
- third ventricle, mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland
4
Q
Mesencephalon
A
- Midbrain and it doesn’t split
- cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, and corpora quadrigemina
5
Q
Rhombencephalon
A
-Hind brain is split into Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
6
Q
Metencephalon
A
- Part of the Rhombencephalon
- fourth ventricle, cerebellum, pons, and cerebellar peduncles
7
Q
Myelencephalon
A
- Part of the Rhombencephalon
- fourth ventricle, medulla oblongata
8
Q
Neural tube
A
- The CNS is developed from it
- Center is called ventricle
- resides in the dorsal cavity
9
Q
Pia, Arachnoid, Dura mater
A
- Dura:Tough outer layer of the meninges
- Arachnoid:Delicate, weblike middle layer of the meninges; has no blood vessels
- Pia:Inner layer of meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord
10
Q
Subarachnoid space
A
-Rests between the arachnoid and pia mater, which contains cerebrospinal fluid
11
Q
Epidural space
A
- Space between the dural sheath of the spinal cord and the bone of the vertebral canal
- adipose tissue, loose connective tissue, & blood vessels are found in the epidural space
12
Q
Broca’s Area(motor speech area)
A
- Located in the frontal lobe, usually the left hemisphere depending on hemisphere dominance
- important in generating the complex pattern of muscular actions of the most, tongue, and larynx, which make speech possible
13
Q
Wernicke’s Area(sensory speech area)
A
- Located in the temporal lobe
- important for understanding and formulating written and spoken language
14
Q
Falx cerebelli
A
-Separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres
15
Q
Tentorium cerebelli
A
-Separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum
16
Q
Falx cerebri
A
-Extends downward into the longitudinal fissure, and separate the right and left cerebral hemispheres
17
Q
Interventricular foramen
A
- the opening from each lateral ventricle into the third ventricle of the brain
- found in the prosencephalon
18
Q
Choroid plexuses
A
- masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater, covered by a single layer of specialized ependymal cells
- act much like the astrocytes in blood brain barrier
19
Q
Blood-brain barrier
A
-Astrocytes provide a barrier between the blood and the brain interstitial fluid
20
Q
Arachnoid granulations
A
- Any of several fingerlike structures that projects from the subarachnoid space of the meninges into blood-filled dural sinuses and reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid
21
Q
Basal nuclei
A
- Masses of grey matter deep within a cerebral hemisphere
- Parkinson’s affects this structure
- Located in the Telencephalon
- Produces Dopamine
22
Q
cerebrum
A
-Largest part of a mature brain
-
23
Q
corpus callosum
A
- Connects the cerebral hemisphere
- enables the dominant hemisphere to control the motor cortex of the non-dominant hemispheres
24
Q
gyri
A
- many ridges of convultions separated by grooves, mark the cerebrum’s surface
25
sulcus
-A shallow to somewhat deep groove
26
fissure
-A very deep groove
27
anencephaly
- A type of neural tube defect; it occurs at about the 28th day of prenatal development
- A sheet of tissue that normally fold to form the neural tube remains open at the top
28
insula(island of Reil)
- Located deep within the lateral sulcus
- Gustatory cortex
- taste
29
cerebral cortex
- responsible for intelligence and personality
| - interpreting impulses from sense organs, initiating voluntary muscular movements
30
limbic system
-Responsible for emotional responses to certain stimulus
31
postcentral gyri(primary somatosensory)
- Located in parietal lobes
| - sensations of temperature, tough, pressure, and pain in the skin
32
frontal lobe
-higher intelectual processes: concentrating, planning, and complex problem solving
33
parietal lobe
-sensory information and aid in understanding speech
34
occipital lobe
-provides vision
35
temporal lobe
-centers for hearing, taste, and smell
36
primary auditory cortex
-superior temporal gyri
37
primary visual cortex
-located in occipital
38
precentral gyri(primary motor cortex)
- Located in frontal lobe
- The nervous tissue in these regions contains many large pyramidal
- voluntary movement of the eye
39
pyramidal cells
-They send impulses from the motor cortex into the spinal cord on descending tracts
40
hippocampus
- memory consolidation
| - located in the Telencephalon
41
pituitary gland
-biological clock
42
thalamus
- Receives all sensory impulses except for smell
| - relays sensory information by synchronizing action potentials
43
hypothalamus
-maintains homeostasis
44
mammillary bodies
-their projections to the anterior thalamus via the mammillothalamic tract, are important for recollective memory.
45
pineal gland
-produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones
46
Parkinson's Disease
- progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement.
- replacing or enhancing use of dopamine can temporarily alleviate symptoms
47
cerebral peduncles
- These fibers include descending tracts and are the main motor pathways between the cerebrum and lower parts of the nervous system
- Found in the mesencephalon
48
corpora quadrigemina
- make up the superior and inferior colliculi
- superior=visual reflexes
- inferior=auditory reflexes
- Found in the mesencephalon
49
red nucleus
-communicates with the cerebellum and with the centers of the spinal cord, and it plays a role in reflexes that maintain posture
50
pons
- conduct impulses from the cerebrum to center within the cerebellum
- Found in the Metencephalon
51
medulla oblongata
- receive sensory impulses from fibers of ascending tracts and pass them on to the thalamus or the cerebellum
- Found in the Myelencephalon
52
reticular formation
- found throughout the brainstem
- It is meant to help a person focus and heighten their senses
- damage to it leads to coma
53
cerebellum
-Comparator
54
cerebellar peduncles
- Allows the cerebellum to communicate with other parts of the CNS
- made up of three nerve tracts
- found in metencephalon
55
cervical enlargements
-thickening in the spinal cord found in the neck region, which supplies nerves to the upper limbs.
56
lumbar enlargements
-thickening in the spinal cord of the lower back region, gives off nerves to the lower limbs
57
conus medullaris
-Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord tapers to this structure.
58
anterior, lateral, posterior funiculi
-The white matter of the spinal cord which is split into three regions anterior, lateral, and posterior. consists of longitudinal bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that compose the major pathways called tracts.
59
ascending tracts
-Sensory pathways
60
descending tracts
-Motor pathways
61
fasciculus gracilis
- Part of the posterior funiculi, located medially
- waist down
- processes proprioception and touch
62
fasciculus cuneatus
- Part of the posterior funiculi, located laterally
- waist up except for face
- processes proprioception and touch
63
spinothalamic (anterolateral) tracts
- somatosensation: pain and temperature
| - part of the anterior and lateral funiculi
64
spinocerebellar tracts
- part of the lateral funiculi
| - proprioception
65
lateral and anterior corticospinal tract
-impulses that travel through the anterior corticospinal stay on the same side and do not swap to the contralateral side, while the lateral corticospinal swaps to the contralateral side
66
ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease)
-motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex degenerate.
67
CN 1
- Olfactory Nerves
- Sense of smell
- Only sensory nerves
68
CN2
- Optic Nerves
| - vision
69
CN3
- Oculomotor nerves
| - raising the eyelid and moving the eye
70
CN4
- trochlear nerves
- smallest
- external eye muscles
71
CN5
- trigeminal nerves
- largest
- ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
72
CN6
- abducens nerves
| - external eye muscles
73
CN7
- facial nerves
| - taste receptors, facial expression
74
CN8
- vestibulocochlear nerves
- sense changes in the position of the head
- hearing receptors
75
CN9
- glossopharyngeal nerves
- tongue and pharynx
- functions in swallowing
76
CN10
- Vagus nerves
- parasympathetic
- speech and swallowing reflexes
- larynx and pharynx
77
CN11
- spinal accessory
| - trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
78
CN12
- hypoglossal nerves
| - moves the tongue in speaking, chewing, and swallowing
79
sympathetic divison
- -Thoracolumbar division
- fight or flight
- preganglionic>cholinergic
- postganglionic>adrenergic
80
parasympathetic division
- craniosacral division
- rest and digest
- preganglionic and postganglionic> Choinergic recpetors
81
preganglionic fiber
-Leaves the CNS and synapses with one or more neurons whose cell bodies are within an autonomic ganglion
82
postganglionic fiber
-extends to a visceral effector
83
cholinergic receptors
he preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions all secrete acetylcholine
84
adrenergic receptors
Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons, secrete norepinephrine
85
spina bifida
- a type of neural tube defect
| - An opening is farther down the neural tube, and in severe cases ma cause paralysis from that point downward
