Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two cells of nervous tissue?
A
neurons and glia
2
Q
Which cranial nerve controls the Lateral Ptyregoid?
A
V. Trigeminal Nerve
3
Q
What is another name for a neuron’s cell body?
A
Perikaryon
4
Q
What is another name for chromatophilic substance?
A
Nissl bodies
5
Q
Nissl substance
A
Membranous organelles located in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. Rough endoplasmic reticulum making peptide chains. It is not found in either axons or the axon hillock
6
Q
Lower Motor Neurons are located where?
A
Brainstem and Spinal Cord
7
Q
Which neurotransmitter does lower motor neurons use to communicate with the muscles?
A
Acetylcholine
8
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are their?
A
31 pairs
9
Q
Myasthenia gravis
A
Autoimmune disease that decreases cholinergic receptors. Acetylcholine is inhibited to help with this disease.
10
Q
Rigor Mortis
A
stiffening of the body after death, contraction of the muscles.
11
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
- Glia of CNS found in high density in white matter
- produces myelin
12
Q
Central Canal
A
Ventricle that contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid in center of spinal cord
13
Q
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
Stores and sequesters calcium ions in muscle cells; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
14
Q
Peristalsis
A
Smooth muscle contraction of tubular internal organs; digestive tract
15
Q
I-bands
A
- Region of sarcomere with only actin present
- they shorten when sarcomere contracts
- held by direct attachments to structures called Z lines
16
Q
Nodes of Ranvier
A
Unmyelinated regions of axons
17
Q
tropomyosin
A
Protein located in grooves of actin that blocks myosin attachment
18
Q
myosin crossbridges
A
- They connect to actin and pull actin toward the center, which contracts the sarcomere
- Loaded with ATP
19
Q
Sliding filament hypothesis
A
the contraction of sarcomeres; theory of muscle contraction
20
Q
myosin
A
proteins(thick & dark) that, with actin, forms the filaments that interact to contract muscle fibers
21
Q
actin
A
Protein in a muscle fiber that forms the thin filaments(light) that slide between filaments of the protein myosin, shortening the muscle fibers.
22
Q
Sarcomeres
A
the striations form a repeating pater of units along the muscle fiber
23
Q
A-bands
A
the second part of the striation pattern, which composes thick myosin filaments overlapping thin actin filaments
24
Q
ATPases
A
- an enzyme found in myosin heads
- it catalyzes the breakdown ATP to ADP and a phosphate
25
Tropomyosin
- rod-shaped and occupy the longitudinal grooves of the actin helix
- Prevents myosin cross bridges from binding/attaching to actin
26
Troponin
- High affinity for calcium
| - attached to actin
27
Basic process of muscle contraction
Calcium is attached to troponin causing it to change shape and push tropomyosin out of the actin helix. With the removal of tropomyosin the myosin cross bridges can now attach to the actin, which causes the sarcomere to contract
28
Muscle relaxation
cross bridges have to be loaded with ATP, which allows the cross bridges to disconnect from the actin.
29
Triads
Region where the actin and myosin filaments overlap
30
Neuromuscular junction
- axon terminal of lower motor neuron
- synaptic cleft
- motor end plate
31
Motor end plates
-Where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant and the sarcolemma is extensively folded
32
Motor unit
controlled by a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
33
synaptic cleft
a small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber
34
Neurotransmitter
Biological messenger molecules that convey neural information
35
3 ways to terminate a neurotransmitter
1) simple diffusion
2) enzymatic degradation
3) preuptake(pre-synaptic)
36
synaptic vesicles
tiny vesicles that stores neurotransmitters
37
dendrites
small cellular processes that receive input
38
axons
carries information away from the cell in the form of impulses
39
Schwan cells
- neuroglia that encase the large axons of peripheral neurons in lipid-rich sheaths(PNS)
- make the axons faster; insulates; myelinated
40
Saltatory conduction
jumps from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier. Only on myelinated axons
41
Reflexes
- designed to be quick for protection reasons
- efferent information
- lower motor neurons
42
What makes action potentials different?
Frequency
43
How many neurons are involved in the patellar knee jerk reflex?
2 its the simplest reflex of the human body
44
Occulomotor
- comes off the midbrain
| - highest cranial nerve
45
Axon hillock
multipolar neuron, the first part of the axon; makes the action potential
46
astrocytes
- provide support and hold structures together with abundant cellular processes
- aid metabolism
47
ependyma
form the inner lining of the central canal that extends downward through the spinal cord
48
choroid plexuses
- specialized capillaries associated with he ventricles of the brain
- they regulate the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid
49
myelin
-lipid material that forms a sheath like covering around some axons
50
Action potentials
Not graded all or nothing
| -rapid change in the membrane potential
51
Receptor potentials
Graded
52
What is the most important job of the neuronal body?
Summation of EPSP and IPSP to determine whether or not to fire an action potential
53
Where are upper motor neurons found?
Cerebellum
54
axonal transport
enzymes required for neurotransmitter synthesis are produced in the cell body and transported to the axon terminals
55
Membrane potential
the potential difference across the cell membrane
56
Depolarization
- the membrane becomes more positive than the resting potential
- can be caused by sodium entering
- means the threshold is lowered for an action potential
57
Hyperpolarization
- if the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential
- the threshold is raised
58
Which is bigger a mono peptide or a neuropeptide?
Neuropeptide
59
Name 4 cranial nerves with parasympathetic outputs?
3,7,9,&10
| Vagus holds 75% of all parasympathetic fibers
60
Trypotophin
an amino acid that is modified to make serotonin
61
What are classic neurotransmitters made from and where are they synthesized?
A single amino acid and are synthesized in the axon terminal
62
Neuropeptides are synthesized where?
perikaryal and dendrites;
63
What is the difference between classic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
- classic are fast, onset, but quickly end
| - neuropeptides don't act quickly but have a longer life
64
Which part of a neuron has the lowest threshold?
Axon hillock
65
What is neuromodulation?
Raises or lowers the threshold
66
GABA
- classic neurotransmitter
- IPSP
- Most prevalent inhibitory of neurotransmitters in the CNS
- interneurons
67
Glutamate
- classic neurotransmitter
- EPSP
- most important for excitation
- amino acid
68
What are two types of neuropeptides
enkephalins and endorphins
69
absolute refectory period
- first in the refractory period of an axon
| - not responsive no action potentials
70
relative refractory period
- second in the refractory period of an axon
| - re-establishes resting potential
71
Synaptic Potentials
- enable one neuron to affect the other
- EPSP/IPSP
- graded/non-regenerative
72
EPSP(Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential)
- opens the sodium ion channels, which depolarizes the membrane possibly triggering an action potential
- Glutamate
73
IPSP(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential)
- Increases membrane permeability to potassium ions, which diffuse outward hyperpolarizing the membrane
- GABA
74
enkephalins
Generally inhibitory; reduce pain by inhibiting substance P release (CNS)
75
glutamate
Generally excitatory (CNS)
76
monoamine oxidase
- inactivates the monamine neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine after reuptake
- It is found in the mitochondria in the synaptic knob
77
serotonin
-Primarily inhibitory; leads to sleepiness; action is blocked by LSD, enhanced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drug(CNS)
78
tryptophan
-Serotonin
79
Dopamin
Creates a sense of well-being; deficiency in some brain areas associated with Parkinson disease (CNS)
80
Endorphins
Any group of neuropeptides synthesized in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus that suppress pain
81
Two parts of the ANS(Autonomic Nervous System)
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
82
Sympathetic division
```
thoracolumbar output(spinal nerves)
-fight or flight
```
83
Parasympathetic division
```
Craniosacral output(cranial nerves)
-"rest and digest"
```
84
Vagul response
This happens when the vagus shuts the body down which is why we pass out
85
Which division has postganglionic neurons closer to the target organs?
Parasympathetic
86
Meninges
- located between the bones and the soft tissues of the nervous system
- they have three layers the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
87
ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord
- ascending tracts of the spinal cord are afferent information dealing with sensory neurons
- descending tracts of the spinal cord deal with efferent information and motor neurons
88
Peripheral Nervous system
Consists of Cranial and spinal nerves
89
Sensory receptors
- the ends of neurons in the pos provide the sensory function of the nervous system
- they gather information by detecting changes inside and outside of the body
90
autonomic nervous system
communicates instructions from the cns that control viscera, and thus causes involuntary subconscious actions; heart and various glands
91
interneurons
- they lie within the brain or spinal cord
| - relay information from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another
92
projecting neurons
-broadly defined, projection neurons are neurons whose axons extend from the neuronal cell body within the central nervous system to one or more distant regions of the CNS.
93
Olfactory bulbs
-extensions of the cerebral cortex just beneath the frontal lobes
94
Optic chiasm
X-shaped structure on the underside of the brain formed by optic nerve fibers that cross over
95
Hypothalamus
- Part of the brain located below the thalamus and forming the floor of the third ventricle
- ANS: controlling our emotional side
96
Pituitary gland
-Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that consists of anterior and posterior lobes; the hypophysis
97
midbrain
-small region of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons
98
pons
-Part of the brainstem above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain
99
cerebellum
- communicates with other parts of the CNS by tracts; integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts; coordinates muscle activities and maintains posture
- Comparator
100
Medulla Oblongata
Part of the brainstem between the pons and the spinal cord
101
Tentorium cerebelli
- separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum
- it is a dural fold in the dural jacket
102
Somatic nervous system
-communicates voluntary instructions originating in the CNS to skeletal muscles, causing contractions
103
Which layer of the meninges is the most superficial?
Dura mater
104
The cerebellum is ____ to the brain stem?
Dorsal
105
Which occurs second int he refractory period of an axon?
relative refractory period
106
Descending tracts in the spinal cord are what?
Motor
107
T/F Hyperpolarization causes the membrane potential to become less negative?
False
108
T/F both unmyelinated and myelinated axons exhibit saltatory conduction
False
109
T/F The sympathetic division of ANS is known as "the fight or flight" response.
True
110
List one region/ part of the brains stem.
pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
111
List one example of a neuropeptide
Endorphin, enkephalins, Substance P
112
What sensation is processed in the olfactory bulbs?
Smell
113
Which cranial nerves are only sensory?
1,2,8
114
What connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?
Fornix
115
What does hippocampus relate to?
memories
116
CN1 Olfactory Nerve
- only sensory
- receptors only found in nasal cavity
- goes into the olfactory bulbs then into the white matter tracts(olfactory tracts) that go into the cerebrum
117
Thalamus
- largest part of the diencephalon
| - processes all sensations except for smell
118
Thalamic commisure
bridge that allows the two lobs to communicate and is only found in some people
119
Hypothalamus
- controls the ANS
- controls endocrine glands-makes a lot of hormones
- controls the pituitary gland
- center for desires= hunger, thirst, and sexual desires
120
Pineal gland
- melatonin is produced here
| - biological clock - circadian rhythms
121
What is part of the diencephalon
thalamus, 3rd ventricle, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, optic chiasm, optic nerves2
122
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
gaze- directs eyes, neck, head to look at interesting things in our environment
123
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
Only deals with sound, CN8, goes to thalamus, processes auditory information
124
In the brain stem where is sensory information processed?
Dorsal
125
In the brain stem where is motor information processed?
Ventral
126
What are the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi apart of?
midbrain
127
What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?
Cerebral Aqueduct
128
Sternocleidomastoid
spinal accessory 11 and cervical spinal nerves 2-3. The origin and insertion can be flipped
129
Trapezius
- spinal accessory 11
- very superficial
- lies on top of rhomboid major
130
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?
8
131
What is the most superficial muscle in the body?
platysma
132
Which two muscles can flip flop origin and insertion?
pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid
133
What is going to establish the resting membrane potential?
Sodium and Potassium pump
134
What is the most prevalent ion in a cell?
Potassium
135
What is the most prevalent ion outside of a cell?
Sodium
136
What ion causes depolarization?
Sodium
137
Whats the most important ion for neuronal communication?
Sodium
138
EPSP+IPSP=?
Summation, which determines whether to fire an action potential
139
What are the three major groups of neurons based off of structural differences?
Multipolar, Bipolar, & Unipolar Neuron
140
Where can Multipolar neurons usually be found?
outside the brain and spinal cord
141
Where can Bipolar neurons usually be found?
specialized parts of the eye, nose, and ears
142
Where can Unipolar neurons usually be found?
ganglia
143
What are the three classifications of neurons based off of their functional differences
Sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron
144
Sensory neurons are usually classified as what structure of neuron?
unipolar
145
What is the structure of an interneuron classified as?
multipolar
146
What structure is a motor neuron classified as?
multipolar
147
What are the four types of CNS neuroglia?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microlgia, ependyma
148
What are the two types of neuroglia of the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
