Macromolecules

Question 1

Explain dehydration reaction

Answer 1

two monomers bond together to build a polymer. Water is lost (done by enzymes)

Question 2

Explain hydrolysis

Answer 2

Polymers are broken down into monomers. Water is added. (done by enzymes)

Question 3

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 3

the single sugar molecules that make up carbohydrates

Question 4

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Answer 4

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 5

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 5

The location of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 6

What shapes are monosaccharides?

Answer 6

chains or rings

Question 7

What is the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

Answer 7

glycosidic linkage

Question 8

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 8

many monosaccharides linked together

Question 9

Polysaccharides are found as ______ in plants ________ in animals (liver cells)

Answer 9

starch; glycogen

Question 10

Examples of structural polysaccharides

Answer 10

cellulose; chitin

Question 11

What is cellulose?`

Answer 11

a polysaccharide used to give plant cell walls their shape and structure

Question 12

Compare and contrast cellulose and starch

Answer 12

Cellulose is made of glucose just like starch. However, starch is made of alpha glucose and cellulose is made of beta glucose

Question 13

What type of bonding holds cellulose strands together?

Answer 13

hydrogen bonding

Question 14

Cellulose in humans passes through the digestive tract as _____

Answer 14

fiber

Question 15

Why can’t we digest cellulose?

Answer 15

Our enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages can’t hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose

Question 16

What is chitin?

Answer 16

a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

Question 17

What are lipids used for?

Answer 17

storage, insulation, water proofing and membranes

Question 18

What are fats made of?

Answer 18

one glycerol and 3 fatty acids attached by

an ester linkage

Question 19

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 19

Saturated-have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Unsaturated-one or more double bonds

Question 20

Adipose cells do what?

Answer 20

store fat

Question 21

Adipose tissues do what?

Answer 21

cushion vital organs and insulate the body

Question 22

Describe phospholipids

Answer 22

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

Question 23

Are the tails or head of phospholipids hydrophobic

Answer 23

the tails

Question 24

Describe how cell membranes are made

Answer 24

When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior.

Question 25

Steroids are lipids characterized by what?

Answer 25

a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings

Question 26

Describe cholesterol

Answer 26

an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes, and can act as a hormone.

Question 27

Proteins are polymers made of _________ that are made of ______ ____ monomers.

Answer 27

polypeptides; amino acid

Question 28

What are amino acids?

Answer 28

Amino acids are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

Question 29

Amino acids differ in their properties due to what?

Answer 29

differing side chains, called R groups (only 20 types of amino acids

Question 30

Describe the primary structure of proteins

Answer 30

the order of the amino acids in a protein (like the order of letters in a long word)

Question 31

Describe secondary structure of proteins

Answer 31

a pattern of folds and/ or coils of the amino acid chain resulting from hydrogen bonds between the amino acids

Question 32

Describe tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 32

random folding, twisting, and clumping that takes place due to interactions between R groups

Question 33

How does the random folding of tertiary structure happen?

Answer 33

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions

Question 34

Describe quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 34

two or more polypeptide chains combine

Question 35

How does sickle-cell disease occur?

Answer 35

a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

Question 36

Define denature

Answer 36

the loss of a protein’s structure

Question 37

What causes a protein to be denatured?

Answer 37

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors

Question 38

What are enzymes?

Answer 38

a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

Question 39

Describe lock and key of enzymes

Answer 39

Enzymes match the shape of their substrates (reactants) to put them together or break them apart.

Question 40

Where lock and key takes places is called the ______ ____

Answer 40

active site

Question 41

An enzyme will denature when?

Answer 41

at certain temperatures or pHs

Question 42

What are chaperonins?

Answer 42

protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

Question 43

What is X-ray crystallography used for?

Answer 43

to determine a proteins structure

Question 44

What is the monomer that makes up nucleic acids?

Answer 44

nucleotides

Question 45

Describe the bonds in nucleic acid

Answer 45

The nitrogen bases are pyrimidine in structure and form a bond between their 1' nitrogen and the 1' -OH group of the deoxyribose. This type of bond is called a glycosidic bond. The phosphate group forms a bond with the deoxyribose sugar through an ester bond between one of its negatively charged oxygen groups and the 5' -OH of the sugar

Question 46

What are nucleic acids for?

Answer 46

They store genetic information (DNA) | and determine the primary structure proteins

Question 47

What are nucleotides made of?

Answer 47

a base, sugar, and phosphate

Question 48

What are nucleosides made of?

Answer 48

base and sugar

Question 49

The phosphate and sugar make up the _____ of DNA the base makes up the ______

Answer 49

outside; inside

Question 50

Difference between pyrimidines and purines

Answer 50

Pyrimidines – one ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil) | Purines two rings (adenine, guanine)

Question 51

What is the difference between the 5' end and 3' end of a nucleotide?

Answer 51

The 5' (five prime) is a phosphate group and the 3' (three prime) is the hydroxyl group.

Question 52

Difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 52

ribose has a hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 2, while deoxyribose is without an oxygen on carbon 2 (H). Ribose is the sugar component of the structure of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and deoxyribose is the sugar component in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Question 53

Describe the shape of a fatty acid

Answer 53

long hydrocrabon chain that ends in a carboxyl group

Question 54

describe the bond that is found in lipids

Answer 54

ester linkage

Question 55

what is a triglyceride?

Answer 55

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Question 56

how does cholesterol help create a cell membrane?

Answer 56

they bind with phospholipids to help form the membrane

Question 57

What is the only thing that is different in a polypeptide?

Answer 57

each amino acid's R group

Question 58

How are proteins built?

Answer 58

dehydration synthesis

Question 59

What are the two different types of shapes in secondary structure?

Answer 59

alpha helix and beta sheet

Question 60

Most carbohydrates are built on which sugar?

Answer 60

glucose

Question 61

What are the three basic types of monosaccharides?

Answer 61

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 62

Where does the energy come from in fats?

Answer 62

the hydrocarbon bonds

Question 63

Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

Answer 63

they have hydrogen on each carbon. this causes the triglyceride to be rigid. this allows the triglyceride to pack up on other triglycerides

Question 64

What is a kinky tail?

Answer 64

a bend in the fatty acid due to double bonds

Question 65

What type of fats are kinky tails found in?

Answer 65

unsaturated fats

Question 66

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

Answer 66

their kinky tails are unable to pack tightly together

Question 67

Describe the charges of a phospholipid

Answer 67

negative head. tail has no charge