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PPPVN > Mating, Pregnancy and Birth > Flashcards

Mating, Pregnancy and Birth Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors should be considered before breeding animals?

A 
Clinically healthy
Suitable age- mature skeleton, old enough to assess temperament
Good temperament
No hereditary or infectious disease
vaccinated
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2
Q

Define monoestrus

A

One oestrus cycle each breeding season

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3
Q

Define seasonally polyoestrus

A

Cycles as long as season or until gets pregnant

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4
Q

Define anoestrus

A

Cessation of reproductive activity

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5
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum

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6
Q

When does cyclical activity begin in dogs and when is usually their first season?

A

6-23 months, 6 months after adult weight and height reached

First oestrus at 12-24 months

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7
Q

How long do canine seasons typically last and what type of seasons do they have?

A

3 weeks
7 months between each
Seasonally monoestrus with 1-2 breeding seasons a year

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8
Q

What happens in pro-oestrus in dogs and how long does it last?

A

Increased oestrogen release from follicles causes outward signs of oestrus that attract males but female not receptive
FSH cause egg development in follicles
9 days

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9
Q

What are the signs of pro-oestrus in dogs?

A

Serosanguinous vulval discharge containing blood

Swollen vulva

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10
Q

What is oestrus in dogs and how long does it last?

A

Female receptive and displays sexual behaviour and light pink discharge from soft vulva
Oestrogen declines
LH peaks from declining oestrogen causing follicles to rupture and egg to release
Corpus luteum begin to develop
9 days with mating on day 3-5

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11
Q

What happens in metoestrus in dogs?

A

High levels of progesterone to form placenta and maintain pregnancy
Ends cycle by inhibiting FSH and LH

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12
Q

How long does metoestrus last in dogs?

A

60 days whether pregnant or not

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13
Q

What hormonal changes take place when birth occurs in dogs?

A

Progesterone drops

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14
Q

What is pseudopregnancy?

A

Prolactin produced developing mammary tissue

Progesterone stays at levels similar to if pregnant as prolactin stimulates production from corpus luteum

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15
Q

How long does anoestrus last in dogs?

A

90-150 days

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16
Q

What is anoestrus in dogs and what are associated hormones?

A

No sexual behaviour or interest
Low levels of progesterone
FSH level increases to mature follicles

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17
Q

When do cats have their first oestrus?

A

At 6-9 months but affected by photoperiod so have oestrus in spring

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18
Q

What type of oestrus cycle do cats have and how do they ovulate?

A

Seasonally polyoestrous, oestrus every 14-21 days while in season
Induced ovulators

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19
Q

How long does pro-oestrus last in cat and what is it?

A

Male attracted to female but female not receptive
LH and FSH high
2-3 days

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20
Q

What is the outwards sign of oestrus in cats?

A

Bloody discharge but usually cleaned away

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21
Q

How long does oestrus last in cats?

A

7 days

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22
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in cats?

A 
Standing for mating
Calling
Spine lordosis
Rubbing on objects
High oestrogen
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23
Q

What happens if cats ovulation isn’t stimulated?

A

Interoestrus

Quiet period of 2-14 days before returning to pro-oestrus

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24
Q

What hormonal changes take place in cats when ovulation induced?

A

LH releases egg

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, maintained by placenta in pregnancy

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25
What is anoestrus and when does it take place in cats?
Inactive ovaries in winter
26
What is metoestrus in cats and how long does it last?
Non-fertile mating causes pseudopregnancy as corpus luteum releases progesterone at similar levels to pregnancy 45 days long
27
What happens after metoestrus in cats?
Either re enter cyclical activity or enter anoestrus
28
Define paraphimosis
Constriction of female prepuce around engorged penis so it cant be retracted back to the female prepuce
29
Define flagging
Bitch standing with deviated tail when ready to mate
30
Define tie
Mating process stage in dogs where vagina muscles contract around penis to stop it withdrawing
31
How long does it take for fertilisation and implantation to take place after mating?
Fertilisation- 72 hours | Implantation- 14 days in dogs, 11 days in cats
32
Define gestation
Time of pregnancy from fertilisation to birth
33
How long is gestation in bitches?
60-70 days, whelp usually day 63-65
34
How long do queens gestate?
56-70 days, kitten usually on days 65-67
35
What are clinical signs of pregnancy in cats?
Increased body weight and abdominal enlargement | Mammary development from day 40
36
How is feline pregnancy diagnosed?
``` Abdominal palpation- 21-30 day onwards Ultrasound- from day 14 Radiography- day 30-40 onwards Auscultate heartbeats- late pregnancy Elevated relaxin- from day 25 ```
37
What extra care needs to be given to pregnant queens?
Increased food for second half of pregnancy- enough protein, carbs and nutrients
38
What are clinical signs of pregnancy in the bitch?
Increased body weight and abdominal enlargements Vulval discharge Enlarged mammary glands, can be from pseudo pregnancy
39
How is pregnancy diagnosed in dogs?
``` Abdominal palpation- from days 28-35 Ultrasound- from day 21-28 Radiography- from day 45 Fetal heartbeats- late pregnancy Hormone tests- high relaxin in second half of pregnancy ```
40
What extra care should be given to pregnant bitches?
Keep normal exercise Up to date worming Double food after day 30 with enough carbs, protein and nutrients Feed smaller more frequent meals Maintain appetite with highly palatable food
41
How should you prepare for parturition?
Introduce welcome box a few weeks in advance Clip long hair from around nipples Heat half of bedding to 25-30 degrees for puppies first few days then 22 degrees, keeping half of box cooler for dam Plenty of blankets Scales, clock and thermometer to monitor puppies Hand rearing supplies
42
What are features for a welcome box?
Warm, clean and damp proof Escape proof Big enough for bitch and puppies
43
What are the signs of onset of parturition?
Drop in body temperature to 37 degrees from decline in progesterone Nesting Restlessness Swollen vulva and increased mucus discharge, licking area Shaking Low appetite, possible vomiting Mammary development of milk in teats
44
What are some problems associated with parturition?
``` Dam not releasing foetus from bag Intact umbilical cord No birth after 30 minutes of seeing water bath Unproductive straining for an hour Weak dam More than 2 hours between foetuses 2nd stage longer than 2 hours Green (bitches) or brown (queens) discharge shows placental seperation ```
45
Define dystocia
Difficulty giving birth
46
What causes maternal dystocia?
Obstruction of birth canal | Uterine inertia
47
Define uterine inertia
Poor uterine contractions
48
What are causes of birth canal obstructions?
Pelvic bone deformity- congenital, developmental or from trauma Soft tissue abnormalities- compress reproductive tract Abnormal reproductive tract- steep pelvic floor (brachycephalic), vulvar oedema, narrow canal, uterine rupture during birth
49
How are birth canal obstructions managed?
Manual fetal manipulation into the correct position | Caesarean section
50
What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia?
Primary- absence of contractions | Secondary- cessation of contractions
51
What dogs are prone to primary uterine inertia?
Young bitches with small litters | Overweight bitches with large litters
52
What causes primary uterine inertia?
Over or under stimulation of uterus
53
What is the treatment for primary uterine inertia?
Keep calm Small amount of exercise Manual vaginal wall stimulation Vets
54
What causes secondary uterine inertia?
Uterine exhaustion after obstructive dystocia
55
How is secondary uterine inertia treated?
Oxytocin to stimulate contractions IV calcium Caesarean section
56
What are causes of foetal dystocia?
Foetal abnormalities Abnormal positioning Foetal oversize
57
What are foetal abnormalities that cause dystocia?
Hydrops fetalis- swollen from fluid build up Hydrocephalic- CSF accumulation in brain Anasarca- generalised oedema Death
58
What are normal and abnormal foetus positionings for giving birth?
Normal- longitudinal anterior or posterior, feet first cause problem if sac breaks Breech- bum first, hard to birth
59
What causes foetal oversize?
Breeds Small litters cause foetal overdevelopment Foetal abnormalities
60
How to resuscitate after a caesarean section?
Free airway- remove foetal membrane Swap excess fluid away Gently swing in towel arc then massage and dry chest Drugs to stimulate respiration when necessary
61
Describe the key points of hand rearing
Use specialised milk for correct levels of calcium and phosphate, Use sterile bottles Use damp cotton wool to encourage to toilet
62
What is post parturition care for mothers?
Keep quiet to reduce stress and allow relaxing and recovery Extra feeing for lactation Check mammary glands for infections and mastitis
63
What is general post parturition care for puppies and kittens?
``` Handled after 3 days Should have toileting stimulated Cord falls off day 3-6 Weaned from 4-6 weeks Vaccinate and worm at 6-8 weeks ```
64
When do kittens and puppies open their eyes?
Kittens- day 8-10 | Puppies- 10-14 days

PPPVN (14 decks)

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