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PPPVN > Pharmacy and Fluids > Flashcards

Pharmacy and Fluids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the peripheral sites of IV placement?

A

Cephalic vein- cranial aspect of forelimb

Saphenous vein- lateral aspect of hindlimb

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2
Q

What are the requirements for drug storage in a veterinary practice?

A 
Separate room not accessible to public
No food or drink
Kept orderly and logically organised
Clean and tidy with good stock rotation
Follow manufacturers instructions
Observe expiry dates
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3
Q

What is the law surrounding drug licences?

A

All medicine sold in UK needs a product licence to prove criteria are met on safety and efficacy

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4
Q

What is the main legislator for drugs in the UK and what is their role?

A

Veterinary medicinal products directive 2001

Control the manufacture, authorisation, marketing, distribution and post-authorisation surveillance of drugs

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5
Q

Who is legally allowed to prescribe medications?

A

Vets
Pharmacists
SQPs

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6
Q

What must clients be made aware when having medications prescribed?

A

They are able to get it from another vets or pharmacist

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7
Q

Define POM-V and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Prescription only medicine - vet surgeon

Vet must carry out clinical assessment to prescribe the drug

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8
Q

Define POM-VPS and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Prescription only medicine - vet, pharmacist or SQP

Clinical assessment not required when supplying the drugs

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9
Q

Define NFA-VPS and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Non food animal - vet, pharmacist or SQP

Able to be supplied without a prescription by these people

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10
Q

Define AVM-GSL and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Authorised veterinary medicine general sales

No restrictions on supply or who can provide it as long as packaging emphasises its a medicine

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11
Q

What is meant by controlled drugs and what is controlled about them?

A

Controls production, supply, possession, storage and dispensing of drugs where humans have potential to abuse

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12
Q

What are schedule 1 drugs?

A

Addictive drugs
Vets have no authority to possess of prescribe, no medicinal use
LSD, cannabis

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13
Q

What are schedule 2 drugs?

A

Opiate analgesics
Strict rules regulate these
Morphine, ketamine, methadone

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14
Q

What are schedule 3 drugs?

A

Sleep inducers
Advisable to keep in locked cabinet (buprenorphine must be)
Buprenorphine, tramadol

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15
Q

What are the type of drugs that are schedule 4 drugs, what are restrictions around them and what are examples?

A

Benzodiazepines
Exempt from control, no restriction in practice
Diazepam, valium

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16
Q

What are schedule 5 drugs

A

No restrictions

Paracetamol, codine

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17
Q

What are the storage requirements for controlled drugs?

A

Schedule 2 and 3 must be kept locked in cupboard with only certain key holders allowed access
Drugs must be signed for on register
Schedule 2 must have witnessed destruction

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18
Q

What are the features of the controlled drugs register?

A

Bound register or computerised system on premises
Purchased drugs recorded within 24 hours
Record when dispensed including patient details, amount and vets signature
Separate pages for drugs and strengths
Keep register 2 years after last entry
Write in indelible ink and sign corrections

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19
Q

What does the law say about prescribing drugs to pateints?

A

Veterinary medicine must only be administered to animal if medicine has product licence for treatment of the condition in that species

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20
Q

What is an off label drug use and when can it be used?

A

Using a drug outside the purpose it was authorised for when there is no drug licenced to the species, owner has given permission

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21
Q

What are the legal requirements for a prescription?

A 
Indelible ink
Name, address, phone number, qualifications of person prescribing
Name, address, telephone of owner
Species, ID number of animal
Prescriber signature
Dated
Name of drug, amount, strength, dosage and administration instructions
Warnings of the drug
Whether its off licence
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22
Q

What are additional requirements for prescribing controlled drugs?

A

Hand written by vet
Form, strength and quantity written in numerals and letters
Schedule 2 and 3 dispensed within 28 days
No repeats allowed
Only dispense 28 days worth

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23
Q

What is meant be adverse reactions to drugs?

A

Harmful, unintentional reaction potentially due to exposure to medicine

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24
Q

How are adverse reactions dealt with in the law?

A

Vets report using forms from veterinary directive

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25
What are hazardous drugs?
Cause harm to person or patient
26
How to deal with hazardous drugs, including cytotoxics?
Warning printed on label, work in safe environment with PPE | Cytotoxics- handle in fume cupboard
27
What are the labelling requirements for drugs?
``` Name and address of vet and owner Name of animal Date of dispensing 'keep out of reach of children' 'animal use only' 'external use only' when topical Name, strength and quantity of drug Dose and administration instructions Warnings Storage instructions ```
28
How to handle drugs properly?
Avoid contact with skin Care with carcinogenic drugs Label all containers
29
What are the requirements for drug containers?
``` Child proof Blister packs in cardboard wallets Wide mouth jars for powders, creams etc. Opaque containers for light sensitive drugs External liquids in fluted bottles Summarise product characteristics ```
30
What is the generic name of the drug?
Chemical/actual drug name
31
What is the proprietary name of the drug?
Brand name of drugs
32
How are drugs classified?
How it brings effect on the body or body system it affects
33
What are common abbreviations for drug administering?
``` Once a day- SID/UID/q24h Twice a day- BID/BD/q12h Three times a day- TID/TD/q8h Four times a day- QID/QD/q6h PO- peros/orally IM- intramuscular SC- subcutaneous IP- intraperitoneal ```
34
List the routes of medication administration
``` Ora IV IM Subcut Topical Skin patch Ocular Otic/ear Intrathecally/around spinal cord Sublingual/under tonuge Bucally/between gum and cheek Rectally Nebulisation/inhaled Intraosseous Intraperitoneal ```
35
What types of medications can be given subcutaneously and why?
Non-irritants and large volumes due to poor nerve and blood supply
36
How long for subcut injections to take effect?
30-45 minutes
37
Explain how to provide subcut injection
Swab area Form skin tent Needle in at 45 degree angle Draw back to check no blood
38
Where is the site of IM injection?
Quadriceps or epaxial muscles
39
How long does it take for IM injections to take effect?
20-30 minutes
40
Explain how to administer IM injection?
Swab area Insert needle at 90 degrees Draw back to check no blood
41
What is the maximum volumes of medication that can be given IM for dogs and cats?
Dogs- 5ml | Cats- 2ml
42
Why can't you give large volumes or irritants IM?
Most painful route
43
How long do IV injections take to have effect?
0-3 minutes
44
Explain how to administer IV injection
Clip and clean area Raise vein Draw back to check for blood
45
Can you give irritants and large volumes IV route?
Yes
46
What is the rate of effect of oral administration?
Varies, 20 minutes on empty stomach
47
How to give tablets to dogs?
Tilt head slightly back Give tablet Stroke throat to encourage swallowing
48
How do you give tablets to cats?
Tilt head back as far as possible Give tablet Allow head to drop back as far as possible to allow swallowing
49
How should oral fluids be given?
Tilt head back slightly | Slowly give in small amounts in gap behind canines
50
How to administer aural medications
Raise ear flap Insert nozzle and apply drops Gently massage base of ear
51
How to administer ocular medications
Avoid touching bottle Hold eyelids apart Put in drops Gently open and close eye to distribute
52
Why are drug calculations important?
Have correct drug efficacy | Maintain patient safety
53
What is the equation for drug calculations?
(body weight x drug dose) / strength of drug
54
What is the equation to convert %solutions to mg?
% x 10 = mg
55
What is the equation for calculating % solution from weight?
% solution = (weight x 100)/volume of solution
56
What are the inputs and outputs that affect water balance in the body?
Ins- eating, drinking, medications | Outs- urination, defecation, respiration, vomiting, haemorrhage
57
What is maintenance fluid intake for animals?
50ml/kg/day
58
What is meant by tonicity?
Measure of osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by partially permeable membranes
59
Define hypotonic
Solution contains lower concentration of impermeable solutes
60
Define hypertonic
Solution contains higher concentration of impermeable solutes
61
What are the main causes of fluid imbalance?
Dehydration | hypovolaemia
62
What are the signs seen with each stage of dehydration?
0-4%- increased urine concentration 4-6%- tacky MM, some loss of skin elasticity 6-10%- loss of skin elasticity, dry MM, sunken eyes 10-12%- persistent skin tent, dry MM, retracted globe, dull corneas, protruded 3rd eyelid, hypovolaemia, shock signs
63
What are the clinical signs associated with mild and sever hypovolaemia?
Mild- mild tachycardia, pink MM, CRT <1, bounding pulse | Severe- severe tachycardia, white MM, prolonged CRP >2, poor pulse
64
What are the two common types of fluids used?
Colloids and crystaloids
65
What are colloid fluids used for and what are examples?
Molecules that increase oncotic pressure of plasma so hold in water to increase volume Effective at maintaining volume Synthetic- dextrans and gelatins Natural- blood products, plasma
66
What are the different types of crystalloid fluids used for?
Hartmans, lactated rigngers and 0.9% NaCl- isotonic, replace lost fluid and increase intravascular volume 0. 45% NaCl + 2.5% dextrose- hypotonic, maintenance fluid moves intracellularly but dexrose prevents lysis 7. 2% NaCl- hypertonic, reduces space in intracellular spaces
67
What are the five Rs in relation to the fluid plan?
``` Resuscitation Routine maintenance Replacement of fluids Redistribution Reassessment ```
68
How to calculate maintenance fluids?
50 x body weight in kg
69
How to calculate dehydration deficit in ml?
%dehydration x body weight in kg x 10
70
How to calculate outgoing fluid losses?
4ml x number of times vomited/diahorrea x body weight in kg
71
What are the different types of fluid giving sets?
Standard Paediatric Blood
72
What are the different methods of fluid administration?
Intravenous Oral Intraosseous Subcutaneous
73
How to calculate the drip rate for fluids?
Total requirement / 24 hours = ml per hour ml/hour / 60 minutes = ml per minute ml/min x giving set factor = drops per minute 60/drops per minute = seconds per drop
74
What are common endoparasites?
Tapeworm- conveyed by flea bits or ingesting prey Toxacara canis- zoonotic, from mum to pup, cause vomiting and diarrhoea Hookwork, whipworm- diarrhoea, lethargy, weightloss Lung worm- eating slugs, can be fatal Protozoa- vomiting, weight loss, lethargy, abortions
75
What is the features of an ideal flea and worming product?
Broad spectrum Easy administration Long lasting
76
How does the advocate, milbemax combo work against parasites in dogs?
Advocate- spot on, kills fleas and mites Moxidectin- paralyses worms to be passed out Milbemax- tablet, broad action, kills tapeworm, systemic
77
How does broadline work in cats?
Spot on, all in one treatment | Inhibits egg/larvae growth
78
How does nexguard spectra and drontal plus combo work in dogs?
Nexguard- chewy tablet, kills fleas, ticks, mites, worms, demodex and sarcoptes Drontal plus- dont give to pregnant bitches, broad coverage of endoparasites
79
How does the seresto collar and milpro combo work in cats?
Seresto- 7-8 months effect, tight to work, repels fleas and ticks Milpro- broad action

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