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Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define nutrition

A

Process of providing/obtaining food necessary for health and growth

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2
Q

What is the role of vet nurses in patient nutrition?

A

Educate owners
Feed in practice
Identify diet issues

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3
Q

Define nutrients

A

Components in the diet that have specific functions in the body

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4
Q

What is the difference between essential and non-essential nutrients?

A

Essential- can’t be synthesised by the body, need to be in diet
Non-essential- can be synthesised in body, dont need to be in diet

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5
Q

List the classifications of nutrients

A 
Water
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
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6
Q

What is the function of water in the body?

A

Electrolyte balance
Temperature regulation
Homeostasis of internal environment
Chemical reactions

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7
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of water?

A

Inputs- drinking, food, metabolic water

Outputs- urine, faeces, saliva, sweat, vomiting

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8
Q

What is normal total water loss from the body?

A

50ml/kg/24hr

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9
Q

What is the main energy source in the body?

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

How are carbohydrates stored in the body?

A

Fat

Glycogen in muscle and liver

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11
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Energy
Fibre source
Bodily functions

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12
Q

When do carbohydrates cause problems in some patients?

A

Some cant easily be digested causing diarrhoea or GI problems
Obesity

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13
Q

What are the different types of fibre?

A

Insoluble- cellulose in veg and cereal grains

Soluble- pectin, fruit, vegetables, beans, oats, lentils

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14
Q

What is the functions of fibre?

A

Aid GI system
Make faeces softer and bulkier to pass easier
Prevent constipation and diarrhoea
Decrease calorie density

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15
Q

What are problems associated with fibre?

A

Too much can cause high fecal output

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16
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A 
Growth
Repair
Energy
Metabolism
Nitrogen source
Hormone/enzyme production
Metabolism regulation
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17
Q

List the 10 essential amino acids

A 
Arginine
Methionine
Histidine
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Leucine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Valine
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18
Q

What is the additional essential amino acid required by cats and why is it essential for them?

A

Taurine

Is produced in conversion of methionine or cytosine but this process is too slow in cats

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19
Q

Why cant cats be vegetarian?

A

Taurine is found in animal protein

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20
Q

What can taurine deficiency in cats do?

A

Cause blindness and heart problems

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21
Q

Define biological value

A

Proportion of essential amino acids in protein and how easily available they are

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22
Q

What are sources of proteins?

A

Meat
Plants
Milk
Dairy

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23
Q

What happens to excess protein?

A

Broken down by liver and kidneys for excretion but can compromise their function

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24
Q

What are the signs of protein deficiency?

A 
Weight loss
Poor growth
Dull coat
Muscle atrophy
Oedema
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25
What are the functions of fats?
``` Carry fat soluble vitamins Source of essential fatty acids Energy Form cell membranes Improve coat condition Control water loss Insulation Hormone synthesis ```
26
What is the most important type of dietary fats?
Triglycerides
27
What are sources of fat?
``` Animal fat Vegetable oil Oily fish Red meat Dairy ```
28
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid- essential for all animals Linolenic acid- synthesised from linoleic acid Arachidonic acid- synthesised from linoleic acid
29
Which species cant synthesised arachidonic acid so need it in their diet?
Cats
30
What are symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency?
Impaired reproductive function Impaired wound healing Dry coat and skin
31
What symptoms show excess fatty acids in the diet?
Obesity | Pansteatitis/yellow fat disease
32
List the fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
33
What is the role of vitamins?
Metabolic processes | Energy metabolism regulation
34
Where are vitamins acquired from?
Diet
35
List the water soluble vitamins
B | C
36
What are the sources of vitamin A?
``` Carotenoids Fish oil Milk Liver Eggs ```
37
What are the sources of vitamin D?
Liver Fish Eggs Sunshine
38
What are the sources of vitamin E?
Wheat gem Soy Beans Oils
39
What are the sources of vitamin K?
Leafy plants Fish Liver
40
What are the sources of vitamin B?
Meat Vegetables Eggs Dairy
41
What is the sources of vitamin C?
Glucose synthesis
42
What is the function of vitamin A?
Vision Bone growth Reproduction Maintain epithelial tissue
43
What is the function of vitamin D?
Regulate calcium and phosphate
44
What is the function of vitamin E?
Antioxidant properties
45
What is the function of vitamin K?
Clotting cascade
46
What is the function of vitamin B?
Coenzyme for cellular enzymes involved in metabolism and tissue synthesis
47
What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency and excess?
Deficiency- impaired growth, skin disease, reproductive failure Excess- skeletal abnormality
48
What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency and excess?
Deficiency- rickets, osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism Excess- hypercalcaemia, bone reabsorption, soft tissue calcification
49
What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
Reproductive failure | Pansteatitus/yellow fat disease
50
What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Increased clotting time
51
What are the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency?
CNS signs Anaemia Weight loss
52
What are minerals and what are their purpose?
Inorganic elements | Essential for metabolic processed
53
What is the differences between macrominerals and microminerals?
Macro- needed in large amounts | Micro- needed in small amounts
54
What is calcium and phosphorus important for in the body?
Skeleton and teeth
55
What controls calcium and phosphate levels?
Reactions Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Vitamin D
56
What are the symptoms of calcium and phosphate deficiency and excess?
Deficiency- eclampsia when nursing | Excess- skeletal abnormalities, OCD, hip displasia
57
What is the role of magnesium?
Normal heart | Skeletal muscle function
58
What are the sources of calcium and phosphate?
Calcium- milk | Phosphate- muscle meat
59
What are sources of magnesium?
Bone Grains Fibre
60
What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency and excess?
Deficiency- muscle weakness | Excess- lower urinary tract disease, struvite orolith crystals
61
What is the role of sodium and chloride?
Major electrolytes | Regulate bodily fluids
62
What are the sources of sodium and chloride?
Fish | Eggs
63
What are the symptoms of sodium and chloride deficiency and excess?
Deficiency- excess fluid loss | Excess- oedema, increased fluid intake, hypertension, heart and kidney issues
64
What is the role of potassium in the body?
Maintain acid base balance Aid transfer of nerve impulses Aid muscle contraction
65
What are the sources of potassium?
``` Soya Rice Bran Grains Wheat ```
66
What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency and excess?
Deficiency- anorexia, lethargy, muscle weakness | Excess- bradycardia
67
What are trace elements in the body, what are there roles and what does deficiency cause?
Iron- haemoglobin, deficiency causes disease Copper- RBC formation, pigmentation, deficiency causes poor reproduction, early foetal loss, hair depigmentation Zinc- healthy skin and coat Manganese- enzyme function and metabolic processes in fibre and fish Iodine- thyroid hormones, reproduction, growth and metabolism, found in fish, eggs and poultry
68
Explain the requirements for puppies and kittens diets
``` Highly digestible Nutrient dense Avoid over feeding Low calcium in large breed puppies Feed complete diet 3-4 meals a day until 4-6 months ```
69
Explain the requirements for adults diets
``` Highly digestible Nutrient dense 1-2 meals a day Avoid overfeeding Balanced diet ```
70
Explain the requirements for seniors diets
Geriatric diet lower in calories Avoid sudden changes High quality protein
71
Explain the requirements for pregnant mothers diets
Highly digestible Energy dense Increase feeding after 5 weeks to 1.5 times RER Feed little and often
72
Explain the requirements for lactating mothers diets
Enough calories to prevent weight loss Feed 2-3 times RER Reduce calories after 4 weeks
73
What are complete diets?
Canned Dry food Semimoist food
74
What diets are unadvised?
Raw diets | Homemade diets
75
What is meant by RER?
Resting energy requirements, energy used when sitting still
76
What are the calculations of RER?
Dogs 5-40kg- 30 x body weight + 70 Dogs less than 5 or more than 40kg- 60 x body weight All animals- 70 x body weight ^0.75

PPPVN (14 decks)

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