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STEP 1 > Micro. > Flashcards

Micro. Flashcards

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1
Q

peptidoglycan - 2 functions

A

1) gives rigid support

2) protects against osmotic pressure

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2
Q

cell wall function

A

major surface antigen - induces TNF and IL-1

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3
Q

outer membrane (gram -) functions

A

site of endotoxin (LPS), major surface antigen
Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1
O polysaccharide is the antigen

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4
Q

plasma membrane function

A

site of oxidative and transport enzymes

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5
Q

what ribosomes do bacteria have vs. eukaryotes

A

bacteria: 30S + 50S = 70S
eukaryotes: 40S + 60S = 80S

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6
Q

periplasm - location and what it stores

A

location: between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in gram - bacteria
Stores: hydrolytic enzymes such as beta-lactamases

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7
Q

what are pilus and fimbrae made of

A

glycoprotein

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8
Q

what is a flagellum made out of

A

protein

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9
Q

spore - what is it resistant to, what is it made out of

A

resistant to: dehydration, heat, chemicals

made out of: keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid, peptidoglycan

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10
Q

capsule - function

A

protects against phagocytosis

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11
Q

quellung reaction

A

used to see if a bacterium is encapsulated

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12
Q

glycocalyx function

A

mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (indwelling catheter)
either a capsule or a biofilm/slime - difficult to remove from surfaces

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13
Q

enzyme that crosslinks the peptide side chains in peptidoglycans

A

transpeptidase

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14
Q

bugs that do not gram stain well + reason why

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

Treponema: too thin to be visualized
Mycobacteria: high lipid content
Mycoplasma: no cell wall
Legionella: intracellular - branched chain fatty acids in cell wall do not stain well
Rickettsia: intracellular parasite
Chlamydia: intracellular parasite - lacks classic peptidoglycan because of low muramic acid

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15
Q

How to visualize treponema?

A

dark field microscopy

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16
Q

How to visualize legionella?

A

silver stain

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17
Q

What bugs can you visualize with Giemsa?

A

Certain Bugs Really Try My PaSHience

C: chlamydia
B: borrelia
R: Rickettsia
T: trypanosomes --> t. cruzi
P: plasmodium
H: histoplasma
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18
Q

PAS (periodic acid schiff) stains what and what organisms can be visualized?

A

stains: glycogen and mucopolysaccharides
diagnose: Whipple disease - tropheryma whipplei

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19
Q

Ziehl Neelsen (carbol fushsin) helps visualize what organisms

A

Acid fast bacteria: nocordia, mycobacteria, protozoa (cryptosporidium oocyts)

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20
Q

What is the alternative to Ziehl Neelsen and how does it compare?

A

Auramine/rhodamine stain for screening

inexpensive, more sensitive, less specific

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21
Q

India ink can be used to visualize which organisms?

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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22
Q

mucicarmine stain

A

stains red- really just used for cryptococcus neoformans or mucin (some cancers produce mucin)

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23
Q

Silver stain is used to visualize which organisms?

A

fungi (pneumocystis), legionella, helicobacter pylori

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24
Q

H. influenzae requires what culture

A

Chocolate agar

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25
N. gonorrhea/meningitis requires what culture
Thayer martin
26
B. pertussis requires what cultures
Bordet Gengou | Regan Lowe
27
C. diphtheria requires what culture
Tellurite agar, Loffler medium
28
M. tuberculosis requires what culture
Lowenstein-Jensen
29
M. pneumoniae requires what culture
Eaton agar
30
Lactose-fermenting enterics require what culture
MacConkey agar
31
E. coli requires what culture:
Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar
32
Legionella requires what culture
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
33
Fungi require what culture
Sabouraud agar
34
Chocolate agar contains what
Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
35
Thayer Martin contains what
Very Typically Cultures Neisseria Vancomycin, Trimethoprim, Colistin, Nystatin
36
Colistin inhibits what?
inhibits gram - except Neisseria
37
Bordet-Gengou agar contains what
potatoe
38
Regan Lowe medium contains what?
Charcoal, blood, and antibiotic
39
Eaton agar requires what?
cholesterol
40
MacConkey agar turns what color and why?
Fermentation produces acid, which causes colonies to turn pink
41
What colors do EMB agar colonies turn?
colonies have a green metallic sheen
42
Chocolate agar cultures what organisms?
h. influenze
43
Thayer Martin agar cultures what organisms?
Neisseria gonorrhea/meningitidis
44
Bordet Gengau agar cultures what organisms?
B. pertussis
45
Regan-Lowe medium cultures what organisms?
B. pertussis
46
Tellurite agar, Loffler medium cultures what organisms?
C. diphtheriae
47
Lowenstein Jensen agar cultures what organisms?
M tubercululosis
48
Eaton agar cultures what organisms?
M. pneuoniae
49
MacConkey agar cultures what organisms?
Lactose fermenting enterics
50
EMB agar cultures what organisms?
E. coli
51
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron cultures what organisms?
Legionella
52
Sabuouraud agar cultures what organisms?
fungi
53
aerobic organisms:
Nagging Pests MustBreathe Nocardia Pseudomonas aeruginosa MycoBacterium tuberculosis
54
Anaerobic bacteria lack what enzyme(s)
Catalase and/or superoxide dismutase - makes them susceptible to oxidative damage
55
Three general features of anaerobic bacteria:
1) foul smelling (short chain fatty acids) 2) difficult to culture 3) produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)
56
Where are anaerobes normal flora in the body?
GI tract
57
What antibiotic is resistant to anaerobes and why?
Aminoglycosides because they require O2 to enter the bacterial cell
58
What bacteria are anaerobes?
Frankly Can't Breathe Air Fusobacterium Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces
59
Obligate intracellular bugs:
[stay inside when it is] Really COld and CHilly Rickettsia COxiella CHlamydia
60
Why are obligate intracellular bugs obligate intracellular?
rely on host ATP
61
Facultative intracellular bugs:
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY ``` Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia Pestis ```
62
Encapsulated organisms:
SHiNE SKiS Salmonella typhi Haemophlius influenzae type B Neisseria meningitidis E. coli Strep pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae group B Strep (agalactiae)
63
Urease postive organisms:
CHunk PUNKSS ``` Cryptococcus H pylori Proteus Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella Staph epidermidis Staph saprophyticus ```
64
Catalase positive organisms:
Cats Need PLACESS | ``` Catalase Nocardia Psuedomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. coli Staphylococci Serratia ```
65
Actinomyces israelli color
yellow sulfur granules - composed of filaments of bacteria
66
S. aureus pigment
yellow pigment
67
Pseudomonas aeruginosa pigment
blue green pigment
68
Serratia marcescens pigment
red pigment
69
Corynebacterium diphtheria toxin and MOA
diphtheria toxin | Inactivates EF2 via ADP ribosylation
70
Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin and MOA
Exotoxin A | Inactivates EF2 via ADP ribosylation
71
Shigella toxin and MOA
Shiga-toxin | Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA (inhibits protein synth)
72
EHEC toxin and MOA
Shiga-like toxin (SLT) - inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA (inhibits protein synth)
73
ETEC toxin and MOA
Heat labile toxin & heat stable toxin HLT: overactivates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP, increasing Cl- secretion in gut and water efflux HST: overactivates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP, decreasing reabsoprtion of NACL and H20 in gut
74
Bacillus anthracis toxin and MOA
edema toxin | mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme, increasing cAMP
75
Vibrio cholera toxin and MOA
cholera toxin Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP) by permanently activating Gs - increases Cl- secretion in gut and H20 efflux
76
Bordatella pertussis toxin and MOA
pertussis toxin | Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP) by disabling Gi = impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
77
clostridium tetani toxin and MOA
Tetanospasmin Protease that cleaves SNARE - prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA and glycine) from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
78
clostridium botulinum toxin and MOA
botulinum toxin | protease that cleaves SNARE - prevents release of stimulatory Ach neurotransmitter that signals at NMJ
79
clostridium perfringens toxin and MOA
alpha toxin | phosphlipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes
80
Strep pyogenes toxin and MOA
Streptolysin O | Protein that degrades cell membranes
81
staph aureus toxin and MOA
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 Binds to MHC II and TCR outsie of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN gamma, and TNF-alpha
82
strep pyogenes superantigen toxin and MOA
exotoxin A Binds to MHC II and TCR outsie of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN gamma, and TNF-alpha
83
What do spores have in their core?
dipicolinic acid
84
How do you kill spores
must autoclave to potentially kills pores (steam at 121 degrees for 15 minutes)

STEP 1 (26 decks)

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