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renal Flashcards

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1
Q

pronephros degenerate when

A

week 4

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2
Q

mesonephros contribute to

A

male genital system

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3
Q

when do mesonephros function

A

function as kidney for 1st trimester

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4
Q

when do metanephros appear

A

5th week

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5
Q

where is the ureteric bud derived from

A

caudal end of mesonephric duct

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6
Q

by what week is the ureteric bud / collecting system fully canalized?

A

10th week

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7
Q

what does the ureteric bud give rise to

A

ureters
pelvis
calyces
collecting ducts

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8
Q

interaction between mesonephros (ureteric bud) and metanephric mesenchyme leads to formation of what

A

glomerulus through DCT

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9
Q

what is last to be recanalized

A

ureteropelvic junction

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10
Q

what is the most common site of obstruction + hydronephros in fetus

A

ureteropelvic junction because it is the last to recanalize

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11
Q

most common cause of death in fetus with potter sequence

A

respiratory failure due to pulmonary hypoplasia

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12
Q

multicystic dysplastic kidney occurs because of what

A

abnormal interaction between urereteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme

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13
Q

what causes potter sequence

A

oligohydramnios due to failure of ureteric buds to develop

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14
Q

what rib injury could damage kidney

A

11 or 12

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15
Q

what kidney is taken during donor transplant and why

A

left because it has a longer renal vein

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16
Q

macula densa cells live inside what part of kidney

A

DCT

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17
Q

what cells secrete renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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18
Q

what charge do glomerular basement membranes have and why

A

negative to prevent proteins from escaping

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19
Q

what do the ureters pass under in females

A

uterine artery

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20
Q

what do the ureters pass under in males

A

vas deferens

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21
Q

where do JG cells live

A

in the afferent arteriole

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22
Q

what spinal level are the kidneys at

A

T12 through L3

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23
Q

what kidney is larger

A

left

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24
Q

where is the location of the kidneys in relation to one another

A

right kidney is lower and `more lateral than the left due to the liver

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25
what molecule can approximate plasma volume
albumin
26
what molecule can approximate extracellular volume
inulin
27
how much of body weight is fluid
60%
28
how much of body fluid is ECF
20%
29
how much of body fluid is ICF
40%
30
How much of ECF is plasma volume
25%
31
how much ECF is interstitial fluid
75%
32
what makes basement membrane negatively charged
heparan sulfate
33
what is the size barrier in glomerulus
fenestrated capillary endothelium
34
renel clearance equation
C=UV/P
35
what substances predict GFR
inulin and creatinine
36
normal GFR
100 mL/min
37
if creatinine is used to estimate GFR, is it accurate?
slightly overestimates GFR
38
relationship between GFR and creatinine
every time GFR is cut in half, creatinine doubles
39
RPF is estimated by
PAH
40
eRPF underestimates RPF by how much
10%
41
RBF equation in terms of hematocrit
RPF/1-Hct
42
FF equation
GFR/RPF
43
normal FF
20%
44
filtered load equation
GFR x plasma concentration
45
excretion rate equation
E=UV
46
reabsorption equation
R= filtered - excreted
47
secretion equation
S= excreted- filtered
48
at what glucose level does glucosuria start
200 mg/dL
49
at what glucose level are all the glucose transporters saturated
375 mg/dL
50
hartnup inheritance
autosomal recessive
51
hartnup etiology
deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters in the PCT and on enterocytes = lose tryptophan --> niacin deficiency --> pellagra
52
rx. hartnup
high protein diet and nicotinic acid
53
3 Ds of pellagra
diarrhea dementia dermatitis
54
how is glucose reabsorbed and where
in the PCT via Na glucose cotransporter
55
how does osmolarity of filtered fluid change in PCT
no change - isotonic reabsorption
56
thin descending loop of henle reabsorbs what
water only - concentrating segment
57
how does the thin descending loop reabsorb water
passively due to medullary hypertonicity
58
ADH works on what cell type
principal cells
59
expired tetracyclines can cause what
fanconi syndrome
60
tenofovir can cause
fanconi syndrome
61
where is defect in fanconi
PCT
62
inheritance of bartter syndrome
autosomal recessive
63
inheritance of gitelman syndrome
autosomal recessive
64
inheritance of liddle syndrome
autosomal dominant
65
metabolic symptoms in fanconi
metabolic acidosis (losing bicarb)
66
metabolic symptoms in bartter
hypokalemia (losing K) and hypercalciuria (losing Ca) | metabolic alkalosis
67
bartter affects what channels
Na-K-Cl transporter in the thick ascending loop
68
Gitelman is a defect in what part of the nephron
DCT (Na Cl reabsorption)
69
liddle syndrome is associated with what type of mutation
gain of function (increased Na+ reabsorption via ENaCs in the collecting tubule)
70
Rx liddle syndrome
Amiloride
71
only renal tubular defect to cause hypercalciuria
bartter
72
only renal tubular defect to cause acidosis
fanconi
73
syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess is actually an excess of _____, why?
cortisol - because deficiency of 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that normally converts cortisol --> cortisone
74
syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess can be acquired from what food
licorice (glycyrrhetic acid)
75
what makes ACE
endothelial cells of pulmonary vasculature
76
what cells sense decreased bp
juxtaglomerular
77
what cells sense decreased Na
macula densa
78
JG cells are what type of cells
modified smooth muscle cells
79
where is EPO released from
interstitial cells in peritubular capillary bed
80
what part of nephron converts vit d to active form
PCT
81
how do prostaglandins affect the nephron
vasodilate the afferent arteriole
82
where does PTH affect nephron
DCT (increased Ca reabsorption) and less PO4 reabsorption (PCT)
83
ANP net effect in nephron
Na+ loss and volume loss
84
wide QRS, peaked T waves
hyperkalemia
85
tetany
hypocalcemia
86
QT prolongation
hypocalcemia
87
torsades de pointes
hypomagnesemia
88
stones bones groans overtones
hypercalcemia
89
u waves on ecg
hypokalemia
90
flattened T waves
hypokalemia
91
decreased DTR
hypermagnesemia
92
muscle weakness
hyperkalemia
93
how does pH relate to hco3- and pco2
pH is proportional to HCO3/pCO2
94
how to calculate anion gap
anion gap = Na-Cl - HCO3
95
dysplastic kidney inheritance
not inherited
96
AR PKD presents when
presents in infants
97
AD PKD presents when
presents in young adults
98
dysplastic kidney vs. PKD
dysplastic kidney usually has abnormal tissue in the parenchyma (like cartilage)
99
ARPKD presentation
kid with portal hypertension (due to hepatic cysts)
100
ADPKD presentation
hypertension (too much renin), hematuria, renal failure, associated with berry aneurysms and hepatic cysts and MVP
101
main cause of death in ADPKD
berry aneurysm
102
mutations that lead to ADPKD
APKD1 and APKD2
103
PKD presents with what kind of kidneys
enlarged
104
medullary cystic kidney disease presentation
shrunken kidneys with parenchymal fibrosis
105
medullary cystic kidney disease inheritance
autosomal dominant
106
most common renal congenital anomaly
horseshoe kidney
107
unilateral renal agenesis causes what in the other kidney
hypertrophy of other kidney + renal failure later in life
108
most common ADPKD mutation
PKD1, chr. 16
109
less common ADPKD mutation
PKD2, chr 4
110
shrunken kidneys on ultrasound
medullary cystic kidney disease
111
majority of all renal masses are what
simple cysts (filled with ultrafiltrate)
112
2 areas of nephron susceptible to ischemia
PCT and medullary Thick ascending limb
113
most common cause of acute tubular necrosis
aminoglycosides
114
how to prevent acute tubular necrosis
hydration and allopurinol
115
eosinophils in urine
acute interstitial nephritis
116
4 things that can lead to renal papillary necrosis
1) sickle cell 2) severe pyelonephritis 3) diabetes 4) long term analgesic use (phenacetin, aspirin)
117
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in caucasian adult
membranous nephyropathy
118
nephrotic syndrome associated with hodgkins
minimal change disease
119
spike and dome appearance
membranous nephropathy
120
tram track appearance
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
121
nephrotic presentation of SLE
membranous nephropathy
122
kimmelsteil wilson lesion
DM
123
first sign of DM
microalbuminuria
124
acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis is what kind of HS
3
125
subepithelial immune complex hump
PSGN
126
crescent moon shaped LM and IF
RPGN
127
crescents in RPGN are made from
fibrin and macrophages
128
most common cause of death in lupus patients
DPGN
129
wire looping of capillaries
DPGN

STEP 1 (26 decks)

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