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Molecular fundamentals > microbiolgy flash > Flashcards

microbiolgy flash Flashcards

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1
Q

Questions

A

Answers

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2
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

High enough energy to knock electron out of orbit. Ex. X-ray, UV is NOT

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3
Q

mole

A

6.02x10^23 particles

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4
Q

molar

A

6.02x10^23 particles dissolved to final volume of 1L

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5
Q

pH

A

is equal to -log [H+]

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6
Q

cofactor

A

May be needed for a functional catalytic site (Ex. Fe or Zn)

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7
Q

coenzyme

A

NAD+ or FAD (both are vitamin derivatives)

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8
Q

artifacts

A

loss of tissue

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9
Q

Metachromasia

A

Change in color of stain due to interaction with cellular or extracellular components

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10
Q

Periodic Acid Shift (PAS)

A

Stains glycoproteins

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11
Q

Haemotoxylin

A

Stains acids (or basophilic)(neg. charge) structures blue. Nucleus, RNA

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12
Q

Eosin

A

Stains basic (or acidophilic)(+ charge) structures red

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13
Q

Diffuse through membrane

A

Lipid soluble (uncharged) molecules. Ex. water

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14
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell is sampling enviroment, non-specific intake

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15
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

proteins bind and a vesicle then forms to bring components into cell

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Pseudopodia extend and engulf item (Ex. Bacteria)

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton composition

A

Made of polymerized subunits (including soluble cytoskeleton subunits). Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow, polar, (+) end grows/shrinks. Function: Forms tracks for ATPase, form cilia, flagella, centriole and mitotic spindles

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19
Q

Dynein

A

Move to (-) end of microtubule

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20
Q

Kinesine

A

Move toward (+) end of microtubule

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21
Q

Cilia

A

9+2 arrangment, made of microtubules

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22
Q

Centrioles

A

Mone pair per cell, each has 9 triplets of microtubules at right angles. Located in center of cell. Attach to mitotic spindles to help cell divide

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23
Q

Spindle MT

A

Spindle integrity and elongation

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24
Q

Kinetochore MT

A

chromosome seperation

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25
Microfilaments
Assembled from actin, formsvery small polar, helical array, grow on (+), shrink on (-). Function: microvilli, cytokinesis
26
Intermediate filaments
Function: Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, maintain tissue level integrity, Can be used to determine origin of tumor
27
Lysosome
Origin: ER/golgi. Fuse with endosomes, phagosomes and agred organelles. Mannose-6-P distinguishes. Proton pumps in membrane to lower pH
28
Peroxisome
Oxidation reactions for long chain FA, produces H2O2 (degraded by catalase). Origin: ER
29
Hemosiderin
Accumulation of heme
30
Protein syn. Finishes in cystol target to:
Cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or exocytosis
31
SRP
signal recognition particle that recognizes string of neutral AA, arrests protein synthesis, lines up the docking protein on the ER and then releases for translation to continue
32
Proteins syn. In ER/golgi target to:
Secretion, lysosome, golgi, ER
33
sER
Function: lipid metabolism, glycogen metabolism, detoxification, Ca2+ sequestration
34
Tetracyclin
Antibiotic that disrupts bacterial ribosomes
35
rER
Post translational modification of proteins
36
Golgi
Center most organelle. Function: carb addition/ modification, mannose-6P addition, sulfation, phosphorylation, cleavage
37
capsid
Protein protective coat
38
Virion
Protein protective coat + RN/DNA
39
DNA Viruses
ReDIEL: replicate in nucleus, ds, isosahedral virions, enveloped, linear genome
40
Retroviruses
Viruses that use DNA intermediate. Requires RNA-dep-RNA-pol., non-infectious, undergoes reverse transcription
41
(+) sense RNA
Infectious, does not require RNA dep. RNA pol., infectious, translation
42
(-) sense RNA
Requires RNA-dep-RNA-pol., non-infectious, transcription
43
ds RNA
Requires RNA-dep-RNA-pol., non-infectious, transcription
44
RNA virus
ReSHEL: replicated in cytoplasm, ss, helical, enveloped, linear genome
45
Bacteriophage
Bacteria that infect viruses. Outer protein than encloses genetic material
46
Quasispecies
group of related viruses that exist wthin an individual at one point in time
47
Reassortment
Co-infection of a cell by 2 viruses that then exchange genes. Generates viral diversity
48
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number, takes place in tissues capable of cell division (neurons, cardiac m., skeletal m. do not undergo
49
Neoplasia
Abnormal increase in cell number
50
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
51
Atrophy
Decrease in size or number of cells
52
Metaplasia
Adaptive response to persistant stress, replace one type of cell with another. Often reversible if irritant is removed
53
Dysplasia
Preneoplastic change that involved cellular atypia (abberant maturation, enlarged nuclei, nuclear hyperchromasia)
54
Liver steatosis
Lipid accumulation in liver, can lead to atherosclerosis
55
Prokaryote
no nuclear envelope, single circular plasmid, cell wall (peptidoglycan), no carbs, 70s ribosome
56
Eukaryote
Bound nucleus, multiple chromosomes, organelles, no peptidoglycan, sterols and carbs present, 80s ribosome
57
Gram (+)
Retain crystal violet, has thick cell wall and no outer membrane, teichoic acid
58
Gram (-)
Retain safarin red counter stain, has outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, lipid A (has endotoxin activity), lysozyme resistant
59
Beta-lactam
Enters bacteria and leads to membrane destruction and autolysins
60
Prophage
Virus integrated into host chromosome
61
Plasmid
Circular, dsDNA, small (5-100 genes), have origin of replication
62
Transformation
DNA fragments uptaken into bacterial cell
63
Transduction
When virus is packaging viral DNA some host DNA is included and carrier to new host
64
Conjugation
Bacteria with F(fertility)+ factor makes sex pilli that conjugates with F-
65
Episome
Plasmid integrated into host chromosome
66
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Impaired ciliary movement due to loss of inner or out dynein arms. Sym: sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, male immobile sperm, female fertility trouble
67
Epidermolytic bullosa simplex (EBS)
Mutation in keratin resulting in skin shearing due to lack of intermediate filaments

Molecular fundamentals (20 decks)

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