Bichem terms flash

Question 1

Questions

Answer 1

Answers

Question 2

Carbohydrate

Answer 2

Major: Glucose. No essential. 4cal/gm. Stored as glycogen in muscle and liver

Question 3

Lipid

Answer 3

Essential: Linolenic and linoleic acid. 9 cal/gm. Stored as TG mainly in adipose

Question 4

Protein

Answer 4

Made of AA. 9 are essential. 4cal/gm. No storage of free FA, carbons converted to glycogen orTG, nitrogen goes to urea

Question 5

Alcohol (ethanol)

Answer 5

7cal/gm. Stored as TG

Question 6

Vitamins

Answer 6

Essential, not altered in reaction. Function: rxn cofactor

Question 7

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 7

Energy req. to keep all organs function while at rest. 24*(weight in kg)+ energy for work (1.3, 1.6, 2)

Question 8

Body mass index

Answer 8

(Weight in Kg)/(hight in m)^2 or 703*(weight in lbs.)/(height in inch.)^2

Question 9

unhealthy BMI

Answer 9

<18.5

Question 10

normal BMI

Answer 10

18.6-25

Question 11

pre-obese BMI

Answer 11

25.1-30

Question 12

obese BMI

Answer 12

30.1-39.9

Question 13

morbidly obese

Answer 13

> 40

Question 14

ATP

Answer 14

Major energy source. Contains 2 high energy bonds which are worth 7kcal/mole when hydrolyzed

Question 15

Creatine-P

Answer 15

High energy storage molecule that muscle uses. Donates P to ADP under rapid muscle contraction to make ATP

Question 16

Glycogen

Answer 16

Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle

Question 17

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 17

Generates energy from transferring electrons to oxygen

Question 18

FA

Answer 18

Preferred energy storage form (in form of TG). Can make KB. Cannot make sugars. Long hydrocarbons (3-24) with a carboxylic acid tail (amphipathic)

Question 19

HMP shunt

Answer 19

Alternative means of glucose oxidation. Convert 6 and 5 carbons sugars. Generate NADPH

Question 20

Enzymes

Answer 20

Proteins that aid in substrate reaching transition state, reduce energy required. Do NOT change overall equilibrium constant. Pathway regulation

Question 21

Futile cycles

Answer 21

Also called substrate cycling. Opposing pathways are active at same time. Ex. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 22

Enzymes released with heart damage

Answer 22

CPK and troponin

Question 23

Enzymes released with pancreatic damage

Answer 23

Amylase

Question 24

Enzymes released with liver damage

Answer 24

AST and ALT

Question 25

Bis- Vs. Di-

Answer 25

Bis=same functional group on different atoms in same molecule. Di= same functional group on same atom or linked together then attached to one atom

Question 26

NAD+

Answer 26

Derived from Niacin (has reactive site), ribose and adenine

Question 27

Michaelis-Menton Eq.

Answer 27

v=(Vmax)/(1+[Km/[S]])

Question 28

Km

Answer 28

1/2 Vmax. Substrate concentration required for enzyme to reach 1/2 Vmax

Question 29

Lineweaver-Burk Deviation

Answer 29

Michaelis-Menton equation in straight line. Y=mx+b. 1/v = (Km/Vmax)(1/[S]) + (1/Vmax). Slope is altered by 1+ [Inhibitor]/Ki. (Ki = inhibitor dissociation constant)

Question 30

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 30

Competes for substrate binding site. Increases Km

Question 31

Non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 31

Binds to site distinct from substrate binding site to induce conformational change which reduces enzyme activity. Decreased Vmax.

Question 32

Insulin receptor

Answer 32

Insulin binds 2 alpha domains. 2 beta domains contain tyrosine kinase activtity and are transmembrane to interior. Insulin receptor autophosphorylates and IRS-1 binds and is phosphorylated on tyrosine.

Question 33

Glucagon receptor

Answer 33

No intrinsic kinase activity, linked to G protein (G protein coupled receptor), similar to epinephrine. Undergoes conformational change when bound that transmits signal to G protein

Question 34

G protein

Answer 34

Heterotrimeric. Alpha binds GDP/GTP. Gi (inhibitory protein), Gs (stimulatory protein)

Question 35

FAD

Answer 35

Stronger oxidizing than NAD+. Flavin, d-ribitol, pyrophosphate, ribose, adenine. Accepts 1 electron at a time

Question 36

Coenzyme A

Answer 36

Derived from pantothenic acid. Provides active sulfhydral

Question 37

Lipoic acid

Answer 37

5 member ring with disulfide bond. Arsenite interferes with sulfhydral groups

Question 38

Respiratory Quotient

Answer 38

RQ = CO2 produced/ O2 consumed. For carbs = 1

Question 39

Muscle fibers, type 1

Answer 39

Slow twitch, many mito., aerobic metabolism, resistant to fatigue

Question 40

Muscle fibers, type 2

Answer 40

Fast twitch, few mito., anaerobic metabolism, prone to fatigue