Midterm | Blood Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Blood is a (1) that consists of cells surrounded by a/n (2).
A
- liquid connective tissue
- liquid extracellular matrix
2
Q
Functions of blood
A
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
3
Q
Distribution of body solids and fluids in average lean, adult female and male
A
FEMALE
Solids: 45%
Liquids: 55%
MALE
Solids: 40%
Liquids: 60%
4
Q
TOTAL BODY FLUID
A
2/3 Intercellular fluid
1/3 Extracellular fluid (80% interstitial fluid, 20% plasma)
5
Q
Denser and more viscous than water
A
Blood
6
Q
Temperature of blood
A
38 degrees Celsius
7
Q
pH of blood
A
Alkaline (7.35-7.45)
8
Q
Color of blood
A
▪ Bright red: oxygenated
▪ Dark red: unsaturated with O2
9
Q
Volume of blood
A
▪ Male: 5-6 liters
▪ Female: 4-5 liters
10
Q
Components of blood
A
- Blood plasma (55%)
a. Proteins
b. Water
c. Other solutes - Formed elements (45%)
a. Platelets
b. White blood cells
c. Red blood cells
11
Q
Substances in Blood Plasma
A
Water (91.5%)
Plasma proteins (7%)
a. Albumins (54%)
b. Globulins (38%)
c. Fibrinogen (7%)
d. All others (1%)
Other solutes (1.5%)
a. Electrolytes
b. Nutrients
c. Gases
d. Regulatory substances
e. Waste products
12
Q
Liquid portion of blood
A
Water (91.5%)
13
Q
Substance of blood plasma most produced by liver
A
Plasma proteins (7%)
14
Q
Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins
A
Albumins
15
Q
Large proteins (plasma cells produce immunoglobulins)
A
Globulins
16
Q
Large protein
A
Fibrinogen
17
Q
Inorganic salts; positively charged (cations) Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+; negatively charged (anions) Cl−, HPO42−, SO42−, HCO3−.
A
Electrolytes
18
Q
Products of digestion, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals.
A
Nutrients
19
Q
O2, CO2, N2
A
Gases
20
Q
Enzymes, Hormones, Vitamins
A
Regulatory substances
21
Q
Urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin,
ammonia
A
Waste products
22
Q
Red blood cells other term
A
Erythrocytes
23
Q
Erythrocytes appearance
A
Biconcave discs
24
Q
Erythrocytes diameter
A
7-8 micrometer
25
What do RBCs lack?
Nucleus and other organelles
26
RBCs are specialized for ---
oxygen transport
27
RBCs life span
120 days
28
White bloods cells other term
Leukocytes
29
What do WBCs lack and have?
❑ Have nuclei and organelles
❑ No hemoglobin
30
WBCs Classification
A. Granular
▪ Neutrophils
▪ Eosinophils
▪ Basophils
B. Agranular
▪ Lymphocytes
▪ Monocytes
31
Types of WBCs
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocytes
32
Lobe(s) and function of NEUTROPHILS
❑ 2-5 lobes of nucleus
❑ Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and fungi
33
Lobe(s) and function of EOSINOPHILS
❑ Bilobed nucleus
❑ Kill parasites and allergic response
34
Lobe(s) and function of BASOPHILS
❑ Bilobed or trilobed nucleus
❑ Inflammatory response
35
Lobe(s) and function of LYMPHOCYTES
❑ Eccentric nucleus
❑ Kill viruses; make antibodies
36
Lobe(s) and function of MONOCYTES
❑ Kidney-shaped nucleus
❑ Remove dead cells
❑ Differentiate into macrophages
37
HIGH COUNT MAY INDICATE
❑ Bacterial infection
❑ Burns
❑ Stress
❑ Inflammation
NEUTROPHILS
38
LOW COUNT MAY INDICATE
❑ Radiation exposure
❑ Drug toxicity
❑ Vitamin B12 deficiency
❑ Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
NEUTROPHILS
39
HIGH COUNT OF LYMPHOCYTES MAY INDICATE
❑ Viral infections
❑ Some leukemias
❑ Infectious mononucleosis
40
LOW COUNT OF LYMPHOCYTES MAY INDICATE
❑ Prolonged illness
❑ HIV infection
❑ Immunosuppression
❑ Treatment with cortisol
41
HIGH COUNT OF MONOCYTES MAY INDICATE
❑ Viral or fungal infections
❑ TB
❑ Some leukemias
❑ Other chronic diseases
42
LOW COUNT OF MONOCYTES MAY INDICATE
❑ Bone marrow
suppression
❑ Treatment with cortisol
43
HIGH COUNT OF EOSINOPHILS MAY INDICATE
❑ Allergic reactions
❑ Parasitic infections
❑ Autoimmune diseases
44
LOW COUNT OF EOSINOPHILS MAY INDICATE
❑ Drug toxicity
❑ Stress
❑ Acute allergic reactions
45
HIGH COUNT OF BASOPHILS MAY INDICATE
❑ Allergic reactions
❑ Leukemias
❑ Cancers
❑ Hyperthyroidism
46
LOW COUNT OF BASOHPILS MAY INDICATE
❑ Pregnancy
❑ Ovulation
❑ Stress
❑ Hypothyroidism
47
Platelets other terms
Thrombocytes
48
Platlets life span
5-9 days
49
Platelets promote ---
blood clotting
50
Aged and dead platelets are removed by (1) in the (2) and (3).
1. fixed macrophages
2. spleen
3. liver
51
Surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of (1) composed of (2) and (3).
1. antigens
2. glycoproteins
3. glycolipids
52
The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids. These antigens are called ---
agglutinogens
53
Based on the presence or absence of various antigens.
Blood groups
54
Approximately how many blood groups are there?
24
55
Major blood groups
ABO blood group
Rh blood group
56
Natural defense against foreign bodies
Antibodies
57
Antigen vs antibodies (Location)
Antigen: RBC Surface
Antibodies: Plasma
58
Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called --- that react with the A or B antigens if the two are mixed.
agglutinins
59
The transfer of whole blood or blood components (red blood cells only or blood plasma only) into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow
TRANSFUSION
60
In an incompatible blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipient’s plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs, which causes (1) or (2) of the RBCs
1. agglutination
2. clumping
61
An antigen–antibody response in which RBCs become cross-linked to one another
Agglutination
62
Is agglutination the same as blood clotting?
No
63
Rupture of the RBCs and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma
HEMOLYSIS
64
Universal recipients
AB+ blood type
65
Universal donors
O blood type
66
Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE A
Agglutinogen: A
Agglutinin: Anti-B
Compatible donor: A, O
Incompatible donor: B, AB
67
Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE B
Agglutinogen: B
Agglutinin: Anti-A
Compatible donor: B, O
Incompatible donor: A, AB
68
Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE AB
Agglutinogen: AB
Agglutinin: Neither anti-A or anti-B
Compatible donor: A, B, AB, O
Incompatible donor: ---
69
Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE O
Agglutinogen: Neither A or B
Agglutinin: Both anti-A and anti-B
Compatible donor: O
Incompatible donor: A, B, AB
70
Type of protein on the outside of RBCs
Rh factor
71
Rh positive vs Rh negative
❑ Rh Positive
▪ RBC with Rh antigen
▪ Without Rh antibody
❑ Rh Negative
▪ RBC lack Rh antigen
▪ With Rh antibody
72
Rh factor meaning
Rhesus factor
73
Formation of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
74
Bone marrow consists of ---
stem cells
75
How ERYTHROCYTES form
PRECURSOR
1. Pronormoblast
2. Basohpilic normoblast
3. Polychromatic normoblast
4. Orthochromatic normoblast
5. Polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)
PERIPHERAL
6. Erythrocyte (Blood)
76
How PLATELETS form
PRECURSOR
1. Megakaryoblast
2. Megakaryocyte
PERIPHERAL
3. Platelets (Blood)
77
How NEUTROPHILS form
PRECURSOR
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Myelocyte
4. Metamyelocyte
5. Band
PERIPHERAL
6. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (Blood)
78
How MONOCYTES form
PRECURSOR
1. Monoblast
2. Promonocyte
PERIPHERAL
3. Monocyte (Blood)
4. Macrophage (Tissue)
79
How EOSINOPHILS form
PRECURSOR
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Eosinophilic myelocyte
4. Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
5. Eosinophilic band
PERIPHERAL
6. Eosinophil (Blood)
80
How BASOPHILS form
PRECURSOR
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Basophilic myelocyte
4. Basophilic metamyelocyte
5. Basophilic band
PERIPHERAL
6. Basophil (Blood)
81
How B LYMPHOBLASTS form
PRECURSOR
1. B lymphoblast
PERIPHERAL
2. B lymphocyte (Blood
3. Plasma cell (Tissue)
82
How T LYMPHOBLASTS form
PRECURSOR
1. T lymphoblast
PERIPHERAL
2. T lymphocyte (Blood)
