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Midterm | Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Main Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Main Functions:
1. Oxygen and nutrients distribution
2. Carry cell wastes and CO2
3. Transport water, electrolytes, hormones and enzymes
4. Protect against disease
5. Prevent hemorrhage
6. Regulate blood temperature

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2
Q

COMPONENTS of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood vessels
    ❑ Veins
    ❑ Arteries
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3
Q

Length of Heart

A

12 cm (5”)

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4
Q

Width of Heart

A

9 cm (3.5”) at broadest

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5
Q

Thickness of Heart

A

6 cm (2.5”)

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6
Q

Mass of Heart

A

250 g (female);
300 g (male)

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7
Q

About — of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the body’s midline.

A

two-thirds

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8
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE HEART

A
  1. APEX
  2. BASE
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9
Q

DISTINCT SURFACES OF THE HEART

A
  1. ANTERIOR
  2. INFERIOR
  3. RIGHT
  4. LEFT
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10
Q

Locations of the heart (6)

A
  1. Heart lies in the mediastinum
  2. Apex rests on the diaphragm
  3. Anterior surface: sternum-ribs
  4. Inferior surface: diaphragm
  5. Right surface: Right lung base
  6. Left surface: Left lung base
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11
Q

Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

A

PERICARDIUM

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12
Q

Two main parts of the Pericardium

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous pericardium
    a. Parietal layer
    b. Visceral layer
    c. Pericardial cavity
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13
Q

Composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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14
Q

Functions of the Fibrous Pericardium

A

❖ Prevents overstretching of the heart
❖ Provides protection
❖ Anchors heart in the mediastinum

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15
Q

Double layer of thinner and more delicate membrane

A

Serous Pericardium

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16
Q

Layers of the Serous Pericardium

A
  1. Parietal layer (outer)
  2. Pericardial cavity
  3. Visceral layer (inner)/ Epicardium
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17
Q

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also known as

A

Epicardium

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18
Q

Reduces friction between layers of parietal and visceral layer.

A

Pericardial fluid

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19
Q

LAYERS OF THE HEART

A
  1. EPICARDIUM- External
  2. MYOCARDIUM- Middle
  3. ENDOCARDIUM- Inner
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20
Q

Texture of the epicardium

A

Smooth, slippery texture

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21
Q

What the epicardium (layer) contains

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium

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22
Q

Two tissue layers of the Epicardium

A
  1. Visceral layer
  2. Fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue
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23
Q

Visceral layer vs Fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue (Epicardium tissue layer)

A
  1. Visceral layer
    - composed of thin, transparent mesothelium
  2. Fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue
    - houses major coronary and cardiac vessels
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24
Q

Mesothelium meaning

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

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25
Responsible for pumping action of the heart
Myocardium
26
How much of the heart wall does the myocardium make up?
95%
27
Cardiac muscle fibers are organized in (1) that swirl (2) around the heart and generate the strong pumping actions of the heart
1. bundles 2. diagonally
28
Thin layer of connective tissue; Provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart
Endocardium
29
Endocardium is continuous with the (1) of the (2) attached to the heart.
1. endothelial lining 2. large blood vessels
30
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
1. ATRIA 2. VENTRICLES
31
Atria vs Ventricles (location, function, surface)
1. ATRIA - Superior receiving chamber of the heart - Receive blood from blood vessels returning blood to heart - Auricle 2. VENTRICLES - Inferior pumping chamber of the heart - Eject blood from the heart into blood vessels - Sulci
32
Why is the auricle named so?
Because of its resemblance to a dog’s ear
33
Auricle vs sulci
Auricle - Anterior surface of each atrium; increases the capacity of an atrium Sulcus - Surface of the heart; marks the external boundary between two chambers of the heart
34
Encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles
Coronary sulcus
35
Marks the external boundary between the anterior right and left ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus
36
Marks the external boundary between the posterior right and left ventricles
Posterior interventricular sulcus
37
Right border of the heart
Right Atrium
38
The Right Atrium receives blood from three veins:
1. Superior vena cava 2. Inferior vena cava 3. Coronary sinus
39
Walls of Right Atrium
1. Smooth posterior wall 2. Rough anterior wall (Pectinate muscles)
40
Partition between atria
Interatrial septum
41
Prominent feature of the Right atrium
Fossa ovalis
42
Oval depression that is the remnant of the foramen ovale of a fetal heart
Fossa ovalis
43
Controls the flow of blood from right atrium to right ventricle; Prevents backflow of blood
Tricuspid valve/ Right Atrioventricular valve
44
Composition of Tricuspid valve
Consists of three leaflets or cusps
45
Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart
Right Ventricle
46
Bundles of cardiac muscle in the RV
Trabeculae carneae
47
Rough outer wall of the RV
Trabeculae carneae
48
Tricuspid valve are connected to tendon-like cords called (1) that also connects to (2)
1. Chordae tendineae 2. papillary muscles
49
Internally, the right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by this partition
Interventricular septum
50
BEFORE BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT VENTRICLE GOES TO THE PULMONARY TRACT, IT WILL GO TO THE
PULMONARY VALVE/ Pulmonary semilunar valve
51
PULMONARY ARTERY IS THE ONLY ARTERY THAT CARRIES ---
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
52
Composition of the pulmonary valve
Consists of three leaflets or cusps
53
Control the flow of blood from right ventricle into large artery (pulmonary trunk); Sends blood to the lungs
Pulmonary valve
54
Forms most of the base of the heart
Left Atrium
55
Receives blood from four pulmonary veins.
Left Atrium
56
Consists of smooth posterior and anterior wall
Left Atrium
57
Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Bicuspid (mitral) valve/ Left atrioventricular valve
58
Thickest chamber of the heart
Left Ventricle
59
The LV is the chamber of the heart that forms the ---
apex of the heart
60
Like the right ventricle, the left ventricle contains (1) and has (2) that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid valve to (3).
1. trabeculae carneae 2. chordae tendineae 3. papillary muscles
61
Heart valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta
Aortic valve
62
Blood vessel that normally closes after births, leaving a remnant behind
Ductus arteriosus
63
Remnant of the ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum arteriosum
64
Deliver blood under less pressure into the adjacent ventricles; Thin walled
ATRIUM
65
Pumps blood under high pressure over greater distances; thick walled
VENTRICLE
66
Right vs Left Ventricle (Workload, pumping, resistance to blood flow, muscular wall; perimeter of lumen)
RIGHT VENTRICLE - smaller workload - pumps blood at a short distance --> lungs at lower pressure - resistance to blood flow: small - muscular wall: thinner - perimeter of the lumen: somewhat crescent shaped LEFT VENTRICLE - more workload - pumps blood at greater distances --> all other parts of the body at higher pressure - resistance to blood flow: larger - muscular wall: thicker - perimeter of the lumen: roughly circular
67
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
1. TRICUSPID VALVE 2. MITRAL VALVE
68
NUMBER OF CUSPS of each atroventricular valves
TRICUSPID VALVE: 3 MITRAL VALVE: 2
69
FLOW OF BOOD of each atroventricular valves
TRICUSPID VALVE: From the RA to the RV MITRAL VALVE: From the lungs to the LA
70
FUNCTIONS of each atroventricular valves
TRICUSPID VALVE: Prevent blood from flowing backward from the RV to the RA MITRAL VALVE: Prevent backward flow from LV to the LA
71
SEMILUNAR VALVES OF THE HEART
1. AORTIC VALVE 2. PULMONARY VALVE
72
NUMBER OF CUSPS of each semilunar valves
AORTIC VALVE: 3 PULMONARY VALVE: 3
73
FLOW OF BOOD of each semilunar valves
AORTIC VALVE: From the RV to the pulmonary artery PULMONARY VALVE: From the LV to the aorta
74
FUNCTIONS of each semilunar valves
AORTIC VALVE: Prevents backward flow from the aorta into the LV PULMONARY VALVE: Prevents blood from going backward from the pulmonary artery to the RV
75
FIBERS ENCIRCLING THE VALVES
FIBROUS SKELETON
76
Functions of the FIBROUS SKELETON
1. Form structural foundation for the heart valves 2. Prevent overstretching of the valve 3. Acts as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles
77
Phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
DIASTOLE
78
Heartbeat phase when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
SYSTOLE
79
Diastolic blood pressure
80 mm Hg
80
Systolic blood pressure
120 mm
81
Diastole takes how long?
0.5 sec
82
Systole takes how long?
0.3 sec
83
Brings the heart chambers to their normal size to receive blood
DIASTOLE
84
Decreases the volume of the heart chambers to force the blood out
SYSTOLE
85
What causes hearts ounds?
Primarily from blood turbulence caused by closing of the heart valves
86
In a normal heart only the --- are loud enough to be heard through a stethoscope
first and second heart sounds (S1 and S2)
87
S1 vs S2
S1: "lubb" caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the AV valves soon after ventricular systole begins S2: "dupp"caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

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