Midterm | Intro + Kidney Flashcards
1
Q
Other term for the urinary sytem
A
Excretory system
2
Q
Main excretory organ of the urinary sytem
A
Kidney (produces urine)
3
Q
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
A
FILTRATION
REABSORPTION
SECRETION
EXCRETION
4
Q
Other terms for excretion of urine
A
Urination / Voiding / Micturition
5
Q
MAJOR PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
A
R & L KIDNEYS
R & L URETERS
URINARY BLADDER
URETHRA
6
Q
EXCRETORY ORGANS OF THE BODY AND WHAT THEY EXCRETE
A
LARGE INTESTINE: Feces
LUNGS: Carbon Dioxide
SKIN: Sweat, oil, wax
KIDNEY: Urine
7
Q
X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding/ urinating
A
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
8
Q
FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
A
- Regulation of blood ionic composition
- Regulation of blood pH
- Regulation of blood volume
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Maintenance of blood osmolarity
- Production of hormones
- Regulation of blood glucose
- Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
5R(VP PIG) MPE
9
Q
IONS BEING REGULATED BY THE KIDNEYS
A
sodium ions
potassium ions
calcium ions
chloride ions
phosphate ions
10
Q
HOW DOES THE KIDNEYS REGULATE BLOOD VOLUME?
A
By eliminating the urine
11
Q
Blood volume and blood pressure relationship
A
Increased blood volume means an increased blood pressure
12
Q
HOW DO THE KIDNEYS REGULATE BLOOD PRESSURE?
A
by secreting the enzyme RENIN
13
Q
Enzyme secreted by the kidney that is responsible for blood pressure
A
Renin
14
Q
Hormone produced by the kidneys and their functions
A
CALCITRIOL: Form of vitamin D, Helps regulates calcium homeostasis
ERYTHROPOIETIN: Stimulates the production of red blood cells
15
Q
Substances that have no useful function in the body
A
WASTES
16
Q
What urine is made up of
A
Ammonia (from amino acids)
Urea (from amino acids)
Bilirubin (from liver)
Creatinine (from creatinine phosphates of muscle fibers)
Uric acid (from nucleic acids)
Foreign substances (drugs and environmental toxins)
17
Q
The kidneys are the same size as
A
A bar soap
18
Q
Absence of one kidney (may be genetic)
A
RENAL AGENESIS/APLASIA
19
Q
Very uncommon condition when both kidneys fail to develop. It is incompatible with life. infants who have this condition are commonly stillborn or will die 4 hours after birth
A
BILATERAL AGENESIS/ POTTER SYNDROME
20
Q
A relatively rare anomaly consisting of the presence of a third, small rudimentary kidney
A
SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEY
21
Q
LENGTH OF ADULT KIDNEYS
A
10-12 cm (4-5 in.)
22
Q
WIDTH OF ADULT KIDNEYS
A
5-7 cm (2-3 in.)
23
Q
THICKNESS OF ADULT KIDNEYS
A
3 cm (1 in.)
24
Q
MASS OF ADULT KIDNEYS
A
135-150 g (4.5-5 oz)
25
SHAPE OF THE KIDNEYS
BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS
26
LOCATION OF THE KIDNEYS
Above the waist
Retroperitoneal
Between T12 and L3
R kidney is slightly lower
27
What partially protects the kidneys?
11th and 12th ribs
28
This allows the kidneys to lie fairly high in the abdominal cavity
Patient in supine and in expiration
29
Radiographic correlation: the normal location of kidneys
Lie about halfway between the (1) and the (2)
1. xiphoid process
2. iliac crest
30
X-ray performed for the purpose of examining the urinary system and its surrounding
Kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB)
31
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS
RENAL HILUM
RENAL FASCIA
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
RENAL CAPSULE
32
Indentation near the center of the concave border of the kidney
RENAL HILUM
33
RENAL HILUM is where the (1) emerges from the kidney along with (2), 3), and (4)
1. ureter
2. blood vessels
3. lymphatic vessels
4. nerves
34
Superficial layer of the kidney
RENAL FASCIA
35
Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall
RENAL FASCIA
36
Middle layer of the kidneys
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
37
Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
38
It protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
39
Deepest layer of the kidneys
RENAL CAPSULE
40
The RENAL CAPSULE is continuous up to the ---
outer coat of the ureter
41
Enumerate what makes up:
1. Renal fascia
2. Adipose capsule
3. Renal capsule
1. Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
2. Mass of fatty tissue
3. Smooth transparent sheet of irregular connective tissue
42
Three layers of tissue surround the kidneys
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
43
It serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the shape of the kidney.
Renal capsule
44
INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pyramids
Renal papillae
Renal columns
Major and minor calyces
Renal pelvis
45
An inferior displacement or dropping of the kidney. It occurs when the kidney slips from its normal position because it is not securely held in place by adjacent organs or its covering of fat
Nephroptosis
46
Compositions of the RENAL PARENCHYMA
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
47
THE RENAL CORTEX IS DIVIDED INTO 2 ZONES
CORTICAL ZONE (OUTER ZONE)
JUXTAMEDULLARY ZONE (INNER ZONE)
48
Superficial, light red region of the kidneys
RENAL CORTEX
49
Portions of the renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids
RENAL COLUMNS
50
Deep, darker reddish-brown inner region of the kidneys
RENAL MEDULLA
51
RENAL MEDULLA is compsed of
RENAL PYRAMIDS
52
cone-shaped structure
collection of tubules
RENAL PYRAMIDS
53
Renal papilla vs Base of pyramid
Renal papilla:
- Narrower end
- Apex
- Points toward the renal hilum
Base of pyramid:
- Wider end
- Adjacent to the cortex
- Faces the renal cortex
54
RENAL LOBE consists of
1. Renal pyramid
2. Renal cortex
3. Half of each adjacent renal colum
55
Receives urine from the papillary ducts and delivers it to the major calyx
MINOR CALYX
56
What forms the MAJOR CALYX?
When 2-3 minor calyces converge
57
Number of minor and major calyces in each kidney
8-18 minor calyces
2 or 3 major calyces
58
Vertical space or cleft in the hilum
RENAL SINUS
59
THE RENAL SINUS CONTAINS
1. PARTS OF RENAL PELVIS
2. CALYCES
3. BRANCHES OF RENAL BLOOD VESSELS
4. NERVES
60
INTERNAL MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS
Nephron
Collecting tubules
61
Functional and structural units of the kidneys
Nephron
62
How many nephrons ar there in each kidney?
Approximately 1 million each kidney
63
Parts of the nephron
1. RENAL CORPUSCLE
2. RENAL TUBULE
64
Renal corpuscle vs Renal tubule
RENAL CORPUSCLE: where blood plasma is filtered
RENAL TUBULE: where the filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) passes
65
Components of the RENAL CORPUSCLE
1. GLOMERULUS
2. GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (BOWMAN'S CAPSULE)
66
Capillary network
Tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule
GLOMERULUS
67
Cup-shaped end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus
GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN'S) CAPSULE
68
LAYERS OF THE GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN'S) CAPSULE
1. VISCERAL (INNER) LAYER
2. PARIETAL (OUTER) LAYER
69
Cells in the visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule
1. PODOCYTES
2. PEDICELS
70
Podocytes vs Pedicels
1. PODOCYTES: Modified simple squamous epithelial cells
2. PEDICELS: Footlike projections
71
EPITHELIUM OF THE PARIETAL LAYER OF THE GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN'S) CAPSULE
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
72
SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO LAYERS OF THE GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN'S) CAPSULE
CAPSULAR SPACE
73
Difference of glomerulus and bowman's capsule in terms of what they contain
Glomerulus: Blood
Bowman's capsule: Filtrate
74
Contractile cells that constitute the central stalk of the glomerulus
Mesangial cells
75
Specialized vascular endothelial cells that form the walls of the glomerular tuft capillaries
Glomerular endothelial cells
76
Main sections of the RENAL TUBULE
1. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)
2. NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)
3. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)
77
Means the tubule is tightly coiled rather than straight
Convoluted
78
Renal tubule segment; lined by brush border cells
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)
79
What does the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT) reabsorb into the bloodstream?
Sodium
chloride
potassium
water
glucose
amino acids
bircarbonate
calcium
magnesium
phosphate
PC PM BC SWAG
80
What does the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT) secrete?
Ammonium and creatinine
81
Division of the NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)
1. THIN DESCENDING LIMB
2. THIN ASCENDING LIMB
3. THICK ASCENDING LIMB
82
Differentiate the division of the nephron loop in terms of their LININGS
1. THIN DESCENDING LIMB: simple squamous epithelial cells
2. THIN ASCENDING LIMB: simple squamous epithelial cells
3. THICK ASCENDING LIMB: simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells
83
Differentiate the division of the nephron loop in terms of what they REABSORB
1. THIN DESCENDING LIMB: Water
2. THIN ASCENDING LIMB: Sodium and chlorine
3. THICK ASCENDING LIMB: Ammonium, sodium, chloride
84
RECEIVES FILTRATE FROM THE LOOP OF HENLE AND PASSES IT TO THE COLLECTING DUCTS
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)
85
2 sections of DCT
EARLY DCT
LATE DCT
86
Differentiate the sections of DCT in terms of their LININGS
EARLY DCT: SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
LATE DCT: SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH PRINCIPAL CELLS AND INTERCALATED CELLS
87
Differentiate the sections of DCT in terms what they REABSORB
EARLY DCT: WATER, SODIUM, CHLORIDE, AND CALCIUM
LATE DCT: WATER, SODIUM, BICARBONATE, AND UREA
88
What segment of the DCT secretes? And what are those secretions?
LATE DCT: POTASSIUM AND HYDROGEN ION
89
Formed by the union of many renal tubules
COLLECTING TUBULES
90
Each of these collecting tubules has its own opening into a ---
minor calyx
91
What the collecting tubule reabsorbs
sodium
chloride
water
92
What the collecting tubule secretes
ammonium
hydrogen ions
potassium
93
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEYS AND FILTRATION
(AORTA)
1. R/L Renal arteries
2. Segmental arteries
3. Interlobar arteries
4. Arcuate arteries
5. Cortical radiate (interlobar) arteries
6. Afferent arteriole
7. GLOMERULUS
8. Efferent arteriole
9a. Peritubular capillaries
9b. Vasa Recta
10. Cortical radiate (interlobar) veins
11. Arcuate veins
12. Interlobar veins
13. Renal veins
(IVC)
94
Normal renal blood flow
1,200 ml/ minute
95
supplies blood to the kidneys
R/L RENAL ARTERIES
96
supplies blood to the different segments of kidney
SEGMENTAL ARTERIES
97
passes through the renal columns
INTERLOBAR ARTERIES
98
passes through the bases of pyramids
ARCUATE ARTERIES
99
divisions of arcuate arteries located in the cortex
CORTICAL RADIATE (INTERLOBULAR) ARTERIES
100
supplies blood to the glomerulus
AFFERENT ARTERIOLES
101
carries blood out of the glomerulus
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
102
surround tubular parts of nephron in renal cortex
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
103
supply tubular portions of nephron in renal medulla
VASA RECTA
104
BLOOD VESSELS THAT SECRETE
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES (most prominent) OR VASA RECTA
105
To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform these three basic processes
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
106
Process in the glomerulus wherein blood plasma and dissolved substances (smaller than most proteins) get filtered into the glomerular capsule.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
107
All along the renal tubule and collecting duct, water, ions, and other substances get reabsorbed from the renal tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries and ultimately into the blood.
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
108
All along the renal tubule and collecting duct, substances such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions get secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule. These substances ultimately make their way into the urine.
TUBULAR SECRETION
109
Urine vs blood in terms of what they contain
Urine: Secreted substances
Blood: Reabsorbed materials
110
PATH OF URINE FLOW
1. Filitration of BLOOD in GLOMERULUS
FILTRATE GOES TO
2. BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
3. PCT
4. THIN DESCENDING
5. THIN ASCENDING
6. THICK ASCENDING
7. EARLY AND LATE DCT
8. COLLECTING DUCT
9. PAPILLARY DUCT
10. MINOR CALYX
11. MAJOR CALYX
12. RENAL PELVIS
13. URETER
14. URINARY BLADDER
15. URETHRA
