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122 > Prelim | Stomach and Pancreas > Flashcards

Prelim | Stomach and Pancreas Flashcards

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1
Q

J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly inferior to the diaphragm in the abdomen

A

Stomach

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2
Q

Most distensible part of the GI tract

A

Stomach

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3
Q

The stomach connects the (1) and the (2)

A
  1. esophagus
  2. duodenum
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4
Q

Functions as mixing chamber and holding reservoir

A

Stomach

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5
Q

The stomach produces about — of gastric juice

A

2000-3000 mL

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6
Q

Measurement of the stomach

A

About 12inches long and 6 inches across

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7
Q

Stomach functions

A
  1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme.
  2. Serves as reservoir for food before release into SI.
  3. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCI, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase.
  4. Secretes gastrin into blood
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8
Q

Kills bacteria and denatures protein

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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9
Q

Begins the digestion of proteins

A

Pepsin

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10
Q

Aids absorption of vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factors

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11
Q

Aids digestion of triglycerides

A

Gastric lipase

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12
Q

Also known as heartburn

A

GERD: gastro esophageal reflex disease

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13
Q

Main regions of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric Part
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14
Q

Topmost part of the stomach

A

Fundus

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15
Q

Part of the stomach where it connects with the esophagus

A

Cardia

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16
Q

Bolus when it reaches the stomach

A

Chyme

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17
Q

Divisions of the pyloric part

A
  1. Pyloric antrum
  2. Prloric canal
  3. Pyloric sphincter
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18
Q

Phenomenon that happens once the food particles in chyme are small enough that they can pass through the pyloric sphincter

A

Gastric emptying

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19
Q

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine; constricts and opens when digested food is ready to go down to the SI

A

Pyloric sphincter

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20
Q

Increases the surface area of your stomach

A

Rugae

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21
Q

Greater vs lesser curvaturte of the stomach

A

Greater:
- convex lateral border
- connects greater omentum to stomach

Lesser:
- concave medial border
- connects stomach to liver

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22
Q

Internal anatomy of the stomach

A
  • Rugae
  • Lesser and greater curvature
  • Incisura angularis
  • Incisura cardialis
  • Fornix gastricus
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23
Q

Incisura angularis vs incisura cardialis

A

Incisura angularis: Small anatomical notch found on the lesser curvature

Incisura cardialis: Small anatomical notch between the esophagus and fundus

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24
Q

Arch-shaped superior margin of fundus

A

Fornix gastricus

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25
Inner most layer of stomach is (1) layer, followed by (2) , then (3)
1. oblique 2. circular 3. longitudinal
26
Cells present in the mucosa of the stomach
1. Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells 2. Parietal cells 3. Chief cells 4. G cells
27
Medical term for vomiting
Emesis
28
Function of surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells
Secretes mucus and absorption
29
Function of parietal cells
Secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
30
Kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
Hydrochloric acid
31
Pepsin (activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides
Pepsinogen
32
Function of the chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase (Proteins)
33
Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Gastric lipase
34
Function of the G cells
Secrete gastrin
35
Example of foods with protein
Beans, cheese, nuts, egg, white meat
36
Example of foods rich in triglyceride
Oily foods, red meat, chicken skin, egg yolk, butter
37
Within --- after eating a meal, the stomach has emptied its contents into the duodenum
2 to 4 hours
38
A secretion from chief cells that splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
Gastric lipase
39
This type of hormone is released in the stomach
Gastric hormone
40
Structure where mixing waves (gentle peristaltic movements) occur
Muscularis
41
Structure that opens to permit passage of chyme into duodenum.
Pyloric sphincter
42
Peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle from the fundus towards the contracted pylorus
Propulsion
43
Reduction in size of the food particles by churning in the antrum
Grinding
44
Grind particles smaller than (1) in diameter can pass through the contracted (2)
1. 2mm 2. pylorus
45
The rest of the bolus is pushed back towards the body of the stomach for further M and C digestion
Retropulsion
46
Sequence 1 (propulsion) and 2 (grinding) are repeated until the food particles are small enough to pass through the contracted pylorus (gastric emptying)
Retropulsion
47
All chyme not pushed through the pylorus during the active digestion process will be swept into the duodenum by the relaced pylorus
Peristaltic contraction
48
The stomach only digests (1) and (2)
1. Protein 2. Triglycerides
49
Food rich in --- are digested the fastest, and spend lesat time in the stomach
Carbohydrates
50
Foods rich in --- spend longer in the stomach
protein
51
Retroperitoneal organ
Pancreas
52
Measurement of pancreas
12-15cm (5-6") long and 2.5cm (1") thick
53
Location of the pancreas in relation to other organs
Posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach
54
Parts of the pancreas
Head Body Tail
55
Largest part of the pancreas
Head
56
Expanded portion of the pancreas near the curve of the duodenum
Head
57
How much pancreatic juices are produced daily?
1200-1500 ml
58
Main function of the pancreas
Secrete pancreatic juices
59
2 ducts of the pancreas
1. Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung) 2. Accessort Duct (Duct of Santorini)
60
Larger of the two pancreatic ducts
Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung)
61
Found where the common hepatic duct and main pancreatic duct is merged
Hepatopancreatic ampulla/ Ampulla of Vater
62
The ampulla of vater opens on an elevation of the duodenal mucosa known as ---
Major duodenal papilla
63
The passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum is regulated by a mass of smooth muscle surrounding the ampulla known as ---
Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla/ Sphincter of Oddi
64
What composes of the pancreatic duct (duct of wirsung)?
- Hepatopancreatic ampulla/ Ampulla of vater - Major duodenal papilla - Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (Sphincter of Oddi)
65
2 types of cells in the pancreas
Acini Pancreatic islets / Islets of Langerhans
66
Cells that comprises 99% of the pancreas
Acini
67
Cells that comprises 1% of the pancreas
Pancreatic islets / Islets of Langerhans
68
What do acini cells prduce?
Fluid and digestive enzymes
69
Digestive enzymes in pancreatic juices produced by acini cells
1. Sodium bicarbonate 2. Pancreatic amylase 3. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase 4. Ribonuclease 5. Deoxyribuclease
70
An alkaline digestive ezyme that helps buffer acidity of the chyme
Sodium bicarbonate
71
Digestive enzyme that digests starch
Pancreatic amylase
72
Digestive enzyme that digests protein
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase
73
Digestive enzyme tht digests triglycerides/ fats
Pancreatic lipase
74
Digestive enzyme tht digests DNA
Deoxyribuclease
75
Digestive enzyme tht digests RNA
Ribonuclease
76
Hormones secreted by the pancreatic islet
1. Glucagon 2. Insulin 3. Somatostasin 4. Pancreatic polypeptide
77
Hormone from pancreas that increases glucose levels
Glucagon
78
Hormone from pancreas that decreases sugar levels
Insulin
79
Hormone from pancreas that inhibits the production of glucagon or insulin
Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide

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