Module 1 (part of test 1) Flashcards by kristen linford

Pharmacotherapy

using specific drugs for prevention, diagnosis, and tx of specific problems

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Pharmacy

The science of the preparation and dispensing of medicinal drugs

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What are Index Terms

The drug name/abbreviation of generic drug

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What is the Pharmacological Category

What the drug is used for

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A Generic name is the ______ name. It is a drug that is no longer?

official

protected by patent

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lidocaine, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, diazepam….these are examples of _____ named drugs

generic

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The Brand/Trade name is the ______ ______ name. It is a drug that is?

Drug Manufacturer

protected by patent

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Xylocaine, Advil, Tylenol, Valium….these are examples of ______ named drugs?

Brand/Trade

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The study of the Harmful effects of drugs

Toxicology

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What is the study of How a drug works and how it moves?

Pharmacodynamics/kinetics

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What year did drugs first have to be prescribed?

1951

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What year was the DEA established

1970

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Pharmacology is the study of _____ their ____ and _____ and how they effect _____

drugs
origin
properties
living organisms

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What class of drugs has the highest degree of abuse potential?

Class 1

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PCP, LSD, Heroin….all types of Class ____ drugs because?

can’t be filled in a pharmacy

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Morphine, Oxycodone (percocet), Methylophenudate (Ritalin), Cocaine…..all types of Class _____ drugs because?

High Risk

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Loratab, codeine, anabolic steroids….all types of Class _____ drugs because?

Moderate risk

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What Class Drugs do you have to get a WRITTEN prescription and has some safe medical use

Class 2

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What Class Drugs can you have an oral or written prescription?

Class 3/4

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Phenobarbital, Valium, Xanax….all types of Class ______ drugs because?

Low risk

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What class of drugs may be prescription or OTC?

Class 5

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Cough medicine with codeine are examples of class _____ drugs because?

Very low risk

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Knowing how much (mg/dose) to give before you see a response has to deal with the ______/________?

Dose Response Curve

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Increasing a drugs dosage produces what?

no additional therapeutic response

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As the dose of the drug increases a _____ is reached?

maximal response / Plateau

What occurs then the therapeutic response of a drug cannot be increased with a higher dose?

Ceiling Effect

Define Potency?

How much drug is needed to produce a response

A drug that has high potency will need a ___ amount of drug to produce a therapeutic response?

smaller

Potency is expressed as the?

Median Effective Dose (ED50)

If a drug has a ______ ED50 it is more potent

lower

Efficacy is the _______ of a drug

effectiveness

Efficacy refers to differences in the ______ that drugs will produce at ANY dose?

maximum effect

Efficacy: | More drug ______ ______ give better results but could?

will not | be detrimental

What is a ratio of a drugs toxic dose (LD) to its therapeutic dose (ED)

Therapeutic Index

A safe drug will have a ____ Therapeutic Index (TI)

high

The Lethal dose kills _______ of the subjects, while the ED does what?

1/2 | produces a response

Digitalis and Coumadin are examples of drugs with a ______ TI and therefore need to be?

LOW | monitored closely

Drugs with a High TI have _____ side effects?

few

An _________ is an unexpected effect of a drug?

Idiosyncrasy

Ritalin is a stimulant that actually CALMS kids with ADHD....this is an example of an?

Idiosyncrasy

What produces an allergic response?

Allergen

An allergy is due to a disorder of the?

Immune System

A_______ develops in response to an antigen?

antibody

Antibodies are present because or past ____, ____, or are transferred from?

infections immunizations mother

What is an antigen?

anything the body sees as foreign that produces ann immune response

What must take place for a true allergic response?

mast cells must release histamine

histamine causes vessels to _______ and bronchi to _____

dilate | constrict

What are symptoms of a true allergic reaction.

rash, hives, dyspnea, decreased BP

Any substance that, when taken into the living organism, may modify one or more of its functions is called a ______?

drug

A _______ is not biologically active and is used in controlled drug studies?

placebo

The effect of a placebo?

satisfy patient demand

Due to ________ a larger dose is required to obtain the same response as an original dose?

Tolerance

The Therapeutic Effect is the ______ effect, or the clinically ____ action?

intended | desirable

An effect other than intended is called a ____?

side effect

Example of a side effect: Morphine Therapeutic Effect = pain relief Morphine Side Effect = ?

nausea or dizziness

______ drugs have side effects?

All

The ______ ______ is when a side effect becomes harmful

toxic effect

A _______ is a substance that causes birth defects?

Teratogen

Example of a Teratogen:

Thalidomide - used for morning sickness1961 | caused short arms and legs or no arms/legs

Carcinogen is _____ causing?

Cancer

What is the new term used for Addiction?

Drug Dependence

Drug Dependence can be either ______ or ______

psychological | physiological

_____ is a psychological dependence or habit?

habituation

(po) is an abréviation for?

orally

Nitro tabs/spray are examples of ______ drugs

sublingual

Nitro tabs dilate _______ which nourish the heart muscle?

coronary vessels

What are the benefits of oral administration of drugs?

simple | many forms available

parenteral administration is by what means?

any other means than by mouth / rectum

The Absorption phase is bypassed by using what route of administration?

Administration of drugs into the bone marrow is termed?

Intra-osseous Infusion

Disadvantages of IV administration

Phlebitis not retrievable high allergic rate greater side effects

Disadvantages of IM administration

temperature and muscularity affect absorption

Lidocaine and Insulin are examples of ______ routes of administration

subcutaneous

Disadvantage of topic (inhaled/gel/cream)

tissue sloughing

The TB test is an example of a _____ injection

intra-dermal

Narcotics and Antibiotics are typically injected by means of ________ ?

Intramuscular

Nicoderm patch, Birth control, Nitroglycerin are examples of ______ administration?

transdermal (topical)

Bronchodilatos and nitrous oxide are examples of _____ administered drugs?

inhalation

What are the 4 layers of the transdermal patch? From outside in?

Impermeable Membrane Drug Reservoir Membrane Adhesive

Distribution deals with transporting drugs?

through body

Absorption deals with transporting drugs?

across cell membrane

In order for a drug to have a pharmacological effect of tissues it must cross the?

Blood/tissue barrier

What 3 pharmokinetic characteristics needed for a drug to pass through barriers?

Neutral PH Lipid soluble Small

Cells have a ______ membrane

bi-phospholipid

The cell membrane has a ______, hydro____ outside and a ________, hydro_____ inside

polar, philic | non-polar, phobic

The ONLY drugs to pass the blood-brain barrier are _____ soluble drugs?

lipid

Physical States of drug: | From fastest absorption rate to slowest?

Gas Liquid Solid

Ionized ( charged ) drugs absorb _____ than unionized (neutral) drugs?

slower

MOST drugs are absorbed by ______ diffusion

Passive

If a drug is too large or too polar...A _____ is needed in facilitated diffusion

carrier protein

______ diffusion moves drugs against the concentration gradient and requires energy?

active

What 2 factors affect absorption

pka | ph

blood ph is ____ to ______

7.35-7.45

When a drug leaves the blood it is distributed to ___ or enters the _____

extracellular fluid | Intracellular Space

Drugs must be in a ____ soluble form to be excreted?

water

When a drug molecule is altered it is called a _______

metabolite

What is the major route of fluoride elimination

Kidney ( Urine)

The ______ transforms lipid soluble drugs in order for them to be excreted in the urine?

liver

The _______ is the primary site of biotransformation

Liver

The ability of the liver to bio-transform drugs is _____ determined

genetically

The mechanism of action of a drug is?

what the drug DOES!

Aspirin: Pain receptor found in? Fever recepto found in?

brain | hypothalamus

Receptors are usually _______

macromolecules

Lock and Key Concept: | In order to produce a result a specific _____ is needed?

receptor

An antagonist combines with receptor site but, _______?

can't elicit a response

Module 1 (part of test 1) Flashcards

(105 cards)