Module 6 (part of test 3)

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus is due to a ______ or _____ of insulin?

Answer 1

decrease

lack

Question 2

Hyperglycemia is a ______ disease seen with an increase in vascular _____ and a loss of ______?

Answer 2

Microvascular
Thickness
Elasticity

Question 3

If you have HIGH blood glucose the pancreas releases what substance?

Answer 3

insulin

Question 4

If you have HIGH blood glucose the liver does what?

Answer 4

produces glycogen

Question 5

If you have LOW blood glucose the pancreas releases?

Answer 5

Glucagon

Question 6

If you have LOW blood glucose the liver does what?

Answer 6

breaks down glycogen

Question 7

What is the etiology of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 7

Idiopathic (unknown)

Question 8

Type 1 diabetes affects what age group?

Answer 8

less than 25

Question 9

Type 1 diabetes is a result of an _______ reaction to the ______ cells of the pancreas?

Answer 9

autoimmune

beta

Question 10

Type 2 diabetes is due to insulin _______ or ______?

Answer 10

resistance

production

Question 11

What types of medications are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

oral hypoglycemics

Question 12

_______ diabetes is a temporary type due to a glucose metabolism disorder?

Answer 12

gestational

Question 13

How many people world wide have diabetes?

Answer 13

240 mil

Question 14

How many cases of diabetes are not diagnose in the U.S. alone?

Answer 14

6 mil

Question 15

What percent of Americans are obese?

Answer 15

20

Question 16

What condition is 20 times greater in diabetics vs. non-diabetics?

Answer 16

blindness

Question 17

Diabetes accounts for 40,000 ______ per year and 20,000 _______?

Answer 17

deaths

amputation

Question 18

What is the most important stimulus for insulin secretion?

Answer 18

glucose

Question 19

Hyperglycemia is also termed?

Answer 19

Metabolic Ketoacidosis

Question 20

Someone who is experiencing __________ will have glucose in their urine?

Answer 20

hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)

Question 21

Why does someone who is hyperglycemic LOOSE weight?

Answer 21

body shifts to fat metabolism for energy because glucose can’t be used

Question 22

Fat metabolism produces ______ which makes the body go into a state of ________ _________?

Answer 22

Ketones

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 23

A patient with type 1 diabetes should have a _______ appointment and we need to have _____ ___ available?

Answer 23

morning

glucose tablets

Question 24

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 24

superior to both kidneys

Question 25

Endocrine glands are _______ glands that secrete hormones into the _________?

Answer 25

ductless | blood

Question 26

What 2 structures do adrenal glands contain?

Answer 26

outer cortex | inner medula

Question 27

The adrenal medulla stimulates?

Answer 27

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 28

The adrenal medulla secretes _________ into the blood?

Answer 28

catecholamines | (epi and nor-epi)

Question 29

The adrenal cortex secretes?

Answer 29

steroids

Question 30

What are the 3 steroids that the adrenal cortex secretes?

Answer 30

Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticoids Gonadocorticoids

Question 31

What is the PRIMARY glucocorticoid?

Answer 31

Cortisol

Question 32

Cortisol generates the metabolism of what 3 things?

Answer 32

Carbs Fats Protein

Question 33

Cortisol inhibits _____ and increases _____ levels in the blood?

Answer 33

inflammation | glucose

Question 34

Cortisol is responsible for maintaining _______ during stressful times?

Answer 34

homeostasis

Question 35

We can administer glucocorticoids to a patient with _____ ______ to decrease the inflammation of the joints?

Answer 35

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 36

How much cortisol is secreted in a 24 hour period?

Answer 36

20 mg

Question 37

You can reduce the release of cortisol by using what common dental/medical drugs?

Answer 37

Morphine Valium Local Anesthetic Nitrous

Question 38

What kind of patients will have long term use of glucocorticoids?

Answer 38

immunocompromised

Question 39

What are 3 common DENTAL uses of glucocorticoids?

Answer 39

post surgery pain reduction relieve edema relieve trismus

Question 40

What is the PRIMARY Mineralcorticoid?

Answer 40

Aldosterone

Question 41

Aldosterone is essential for ______ and ____ balance?

Answer 41

sodium potassium (B/P)

Question 42

What disease is characterized by a decrease in both mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids?

Answer 42

Addison's

Question 43

Addison's is most likely and _______ disorder but may be a result of a ___ or _____ as well?

Answer 43

autoimmune infection malignancy

Question 44

Due to a reduced cortisol level in Addison's disease the tissues may present with abnormal ________?

Answer 44

pigmentation

Question 45

A lack of cortisol _____ metabolism?

Answer 45

decreases

Question 46

Low Aldosterone causes an inability to _______ sodium and _____ potassium. This causes the person to have ______?

Answer 46

conserve eliminate hypotension (decreased blood volume)

Question 47

What is the biggest cause of Adrenal Gland Insufficiency?

Answer 47

MD prescribes too much cortisol

Question 48

What type of adrenal gland insufficiency is most common and results from exogenous use of corticosteroids?

Answer 48

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Question 49

What is the most common cause of Hyperadrenalism?

Answer 49

Cushings

Question 50

Cushings is characterized by an increase in ______

Answer 50

cortisol

Question 51

Cushings syndrome is seen clinically as having a _____ face and having weight _____?

Answer 51

round/moon | gain

Question 52

Does a patient have to do anything different for routine vs. surgical dental work if they are taking corticosteroids?

Answer 52

No for routine | Double dose for surgical work

Question 53

A patient who has hyperadrenalism is at an increased risk for what 2 conditions?

Answer 53

hypertension | oseoporosis

Question 54

The thyroid gland sits ______ to the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 54

inferior

Question 55

What percent of T3 is produced from T4?

Answer 55

87

Question 56

The thyroid gland secretes _______?

Answer 56

T4

Question 57

The thyroid gland increases the rate that carbs are burned which therefore increases _____ ____ and produces ______?

Answer 57

body temp | energy

Question 58

Thyroid hormones are essential for growth and development of?

Answer 58

tissues

Question 59

What condition accounts for 75% of all neck swellings?

Answer 59

Goiter

Question 60

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 60

Graves Disease

Question 61

Graves Disease inhibits what action?

Answer 61

TSH from binding to receptors

Question 62

Graves Disease may be a _______ one?

Answer 62

cyclic

Question 63

What is the term used to describe an increased level of thyroid hormones in the blood?

Answer 63

Thyrotoxicosis

Question 64

Graves disease can be seen clinically as a ______ of the eyes which is termed _______?

Answer 64

bulging | Exopthalmos

Question 65

What do we need to do PRIOR to dental treatment for a patient who has uncontrolled hyperthyroidism?

Answer 65

MD consult

Question 66

What do we need to do PRIOR to dental treatment for someone who has controlled hyperthyroidism?

Answer 66

Limit epinephrine in LA

Question 67

What is the disease of Primary Hypothryroidism?

Answer 67

Hashimoto

Question 68

Secondary Hypothyroidism is due to a failure of the _____ gland to secrete ____ to stimulate the thyroid?

Answer 68

pituitary | TSH

Question 69

Hypothyroidism may be _____ or ______

Answer 69

congenital | acquired

Question 70

What is the definition of Myxedema?

Answer 70

Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular fluid

Question 71

What is a congenital hypothyroid problem that presents commonly as dwarfism?

Answer 71

Cretinism

Question 72

What 3 medications should we avoid with hypothyroid patients?

Answer 72

CNS depressants Sedatives Narcotics