Module 1 - Topic 1-2: Cell Structure Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Cytology
A
Study of cells
2
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissue
3
Q
Human structure
A
Atoms- molecules- cells- tissues- organs- system- the organism
4
Q
Homeostasis
A
State of balance within the body
5
Q
Homeostasis of body fluids
A
Separation of the fluid compartment
Compositions of the fluid change as substances move between compartment
6
Q
Intercellular fluid
A
Between cells
7
Q
Intracellular fluid
A
Within cells
8
Q
Extracellular fluid
A
Outside cells
9
Q
Negative feedback
A
Response is generated in order to switch off or reduce the source of a given stimulus
10
Q
Positive feedback
A
Intensify or increase the level of stimulus
11
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Skin and Tract lining, outside body
12
Q
Connective tissue
A
Bone, cartilage and blood
13
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Variety of nerves
14
Q
Muscular tissue
A
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
15
Q
Polar head of phospholipid
A
Hydrophilic
16
Q
Fatty acid tails of phospholipid
A
Hydrophobic
17
Q
Cell membrane - function
A
Separates/ protects the inside of the cell from external wnvironment
- detects external environmental changes
- cell to cell communication
- temp and pressure changes
18
Q
Lipid bilayer - function
A
Forms barrier to entry or exit of polar substances
19
Q
Lipid bilayer - makeup
A
Two back to back layers of 3 types of lipid molecules
- double row of phospholipid molecules
- scattered cholesterol and glycolipid molecules
20
Q
Phospholipids
A
75% of cell membrane lipids
- each molecule is amphipathic (polar and nonpolar)
21
Q
Lipid bilayer - permability
A
Permeable to water, non polar molecules
Iimpermeable to polar and charged molecules, ions
22
Q
Transmembrane proteins
A
Specific channels
- used for small and medium polar molecules
23
Q
Macromolecules
A
- large proteins
- unable to pass through cell membrane so uses other transport
24
Q
Cholesterol
A
Allows lipid bilayer to be malleable
Prevent rigidness
Maintains cell fluidity
25
Transporter proteins
Bonds specific substances to transport through lipid bilayer
26
Receptor proteins
Cellular recognition site
| Bonds to signalling molecule
27
Cell identity marker
Allows cell to recognise other similar cells
28
Linker proteins
Anchors cells together
Allows cell movement
Holds cell shape
29
Enzyme
Catalysed chemical reactions
30
Mediated transport
Moves material with help of transport protein
31
Non mediated protein
Doesn't use transport Protein
32
Passive transport
Moves substances down concentration gradient
33
Active transport
Uses energy atp to drive substances against concentration gradient
34
Vesicular transport
Moves large materials across membrane in small vesicles
35
Endocytosis
Moves into cell
36
Exocytosis
Moves out of cell
37
Simple tissue
Cells are all the same structure
38
Compound tissue
Mixture of cells with different functions
39
Living organism criteria
```
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
```
40
Inner region of membrane
Highly insoluble as it is made up of hydrophobic tails
41
Integral membrane proteins
Proteins inserted between phospholipid molecules
42
Peripheral proteins
Attached to either inner or outer surface
43
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
Proteins and phospholipids that have carb molecules attached to them
Function as cell signalling and cell receptors
44
Channel proteins
Allows specific substances to move through pores
45
Signal transduction
Stimulation of plasma membrane protein by external stimulus
46
Passive transport
Diffusion through bilayer
Diffusion through channel
Facilitated diffusion
47
Actin Cortex
Dense network of protein below surface of plasma
| Linked to plasma membrane via integral proteins
48
Actin
Property of polymerising within the cell to produce supportive cytoskeleton
49
Intermediate filaments
Tough, rope like fibrous proteins
50
Microtubules
Composed of Tubulin subunits
51
Microfilament
Thin
52
Filament location
Actin microfilaments - plasma membrane
Microtubules - central portion of cell
Intermediate filament- central portion of cell
53
Cytoskeleton
Constantly changes to meet requirements of cell
| Facilitates transport of cellular component by interacting with motor proteins
54
Microvilli
Small finger like projections that increase surface area
| Supported by actin microfilaments and are found on cells that absorb
55
Cilia
Motile structures
Present in variety of cells
Transport substances along surfaces of cells
56
Flagella
Found in male sperm
| Whipping movements allow it to swim towards desired destination
57
Cytoplasm
Fluid filled space bound by membrane
| Composed of intracellular fluid
58
Chromatin
Equal amounts of DNA and bead like proteins called histones
59
Nuclear envelope
Contain specialised pores to allow molecules to enter and leave nucleus
60
Nucleoli
Dark spherical bodies that synthesise the rna and proteins needed to form ribosomal subunits
61
Mitochondria
Contain own DNA
Able to replicate independently of the cell
Replicate through binary fission
62
Mitochondria - function
Energy production via synthesis of atp
| Calcium storage and release
63
Synthesis of atp - ways
Krebs cycle
| Electron transport chain
64
Ribosomes
Proteins combined with RNA
| Two globular structures called subunits
65
Ribosome function
Reads coded message for protein in messenger rna and translate into chain of amino acids
66
Polypeptide
Conforms to the shape of protein
67
Membrane bound ribosomes
Synthesise proteins for incorporation into cellular membrane
68
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of membrane that continuous with the nuclear envelope
69
Rough ER
Ribosomes bound to the ER
70
Smooth ER
Without ribosomes
71
Protein synthesis on Rough ER
Secreted from cells
72
Smooth ER function
Production of large amounts of cholesterol and steroids
Lipid metabolism
Detoxification of drugs, toxins and alcohol
Breakdown of stored glycogen
73
Golgi Appartus
Final stop of secreted proteins
| Modifies proteins, like addition of carbs, then repackaged prior to secretion
74
Glycosylation
Adding sugar molecules to form glycoproteins
75
Golgi appartus structure
Stack of membrane bounded cisternqe
| Different enzymes perform varies activies in the Golgi
76
Transition vesicles
Pinch off from surface carrying
Integral membrane proteins
Soluble proteins
Processing enzymes
77
Outbound pathway
Transition vesicles move toward the cis Golgi on microtubules
Coat protein is removed and vesicles fuse together
Sugars are added
Proteins move from cis to medial to trans Golgi
Vesicles pinch off and carry completed products
78
Inbound pathway
Using signals, the Golgi separates the products from processing enzymes and returns the enzymes back
Inbound vesicles are coated in coat protein
79
V snares
On vesicle surface
80
T snares
On surface of target membrane
81
V and t snares
Bind to each other die to complementary structures
82
Lysomes - function
Cell demolition
- digest particles taken into cell by endocytosis
Degrading and recycling worn out organelle
Break down stores glycogen, non useful tissue, bone
Secretory function - release content by exocytosis
83
Perixisomes - function
Breakdown fatty acids
Breakdown harmful chemicals
Synthesis of cholesterol
84
Oxidase function
Detoxify harmful substances
| Neutralise and convert dangerous free radicals
85
Catalase
Convert harmful hydrogen peroxide made from oxidase to water
86
Extracellular matrix
Substance between cells
All cells in solid tissue are surrounded by ecm
Composed of proteins, complex chains of sugar
87
ECM function
Extracellular communication
Stable positioning of cells in tissue through adhesion
Repositioning of cells by cell migration
88
ECM properties
Tensile strength to tendons
Compressive strength to cartilage
Hydraulic protection for many cells
Elasticity to blood vessel walls
89
Main forms of ECM
Connective tissue
Basement membrane
Pericellular matrix
90
Cell Adhesion molecules
Located at cell surface and join cells to cells, cells to ECM and ECM to cell cytoskeleton
91
CAM function
Adhesion of cells to provide organised tissue structure
Transmission of extracellular cues and signals across membrane
Migration of cells through regulation of adhesions
