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Human Biology > Module 3 - Topic 1-2: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 3 - Topic 1-2: The Nervous System Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

functions of nervous tissue

A

acquire and transmit sensory information
process information
activate an appropriate response

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

processing and control of information

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nervous tissue outside CNS

consists of nerves carrying information to and from CNS

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4
Q

Afferent

A

sensory - division of peripheral nervous system

carrying information from body to CNS

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5
Q

Efferent

A

motor - division of peripheral nervous system

carrying information away from CNS towards effector organs

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6
Q

Somatic

A

division of efferent

voluntarily and form synapses with skeletal system

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7
Q

Autonomic

A

division of efferent
involuntarily
send efferent signals from brain to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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8
Q

Sympathetic

A

division of autonomic
fight or flight
activate target organs

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9
Q

Parasympathetic

A

division of autonomic
contentment, relaxation, digestion
inactivate target organs

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10
Q

Ganglia

A

collection of nerve cell bodies
lie outside the CNS
play important role in autonomic system

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11
Q

nervous tissue

A

consists of 2 types of cells
neuronal cells
glial cells

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12
Q

Neuronal cells

A

transmit signals throughout nervous system

electrical currents which pass from one end of cell to the other

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13
Q

how neuronal cells communicate

A

synapses

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

transmission of information across synapse, mediated by the release of chemical meesengers

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15
Q

Neuron makeup

A

soma
several dendrites
axon

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16
Q

soma

A

basic metabolic part of the nerve cell

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17
Q

dendrites

A

extension of cell that receives information

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18
Q

axon

A

transmits info away from cell body

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19
Q

Glial cells

A

dont transmit info but instead support the survival and function of other neuronal cells

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20
Q

Neuroglia

A

outnumber neurons 10 to 1

makeup 50% of brain mass

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21
Q

Astrocytes

A

create cohesion of central nervous tissue

hold things together and maintain structural relationships

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

epithelial lining for cavaties

small amounts of cerebrospinal fluid is formed by secretion

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24
Q

Microglia

A

migrate into nerve tissue from blood stream

protective immune function

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25
Satellite cells
formed in peripheral ganglia and supports the cell bodies
26
Schwann cells
PNS, involved in peripheral myelin formation and the formation of neurilemma
27
Myelin
phospholipid produced when plasma membrane becomes wrapped around axon of neuronal cell
28
myelin sheath gaps
have lots of gaps that speed up nerve impulse conduction
29
membrane potential
voltage that exists across plasma membrane
30
voltage
difference in electrical charge
31
major molecules responsible for membrane potential
sodium and potassium
32
sodium potassium pump
removes 3 sodium ions and replaces with 2 potassium ions
33
Plasma membrane - potassium
more permeable to potassium so there is an unequal exchange of positively charged ions
34
unequal charge
inside has a less positive state than outside
35
resting neuron potential
negative | -70mv
36
depolarisation
decrease in membrane potential, less negative
37
Repolarisation
return of cell to its resting potential
38
Chemically gated channel
opens in response to chemicals binding to receptors
39
Voltage gated channels
open in response to change in membrane potential
40
Initial Change
takes place when a nerve is activated
41
Action potential
when a receptor potential is strong enough to reach a region, trigger zone, action potential is generated
42
trigger zone - location
generally located in neuron near start of axon
43
Action potential - size
large | cause all or nothing changes in membrane potential
44
action potential - gating
voltage gated and only open if threshold change in membrane potential is reached
45
Repolarisation phase - action potential
eventual closing of voltage gated Na+ channels and opening of voltage gated K+ channels, allowing membrane potential to return to resting state
46
Myelin - purpose
increases rate at which action potential travels down axon by insulating selected portions of the axon
47
Action potential - location
generated at the gaps within nerve sheath
48
Myelin fibres
much faster
49
Non myelin fibres
much slower
50
CNS function
process sensory info and generate appropiate responses
51
White matter
mostly nerve fibres (axons) and appear white due to myelin
52
Grey matter
nerve cell bodies, no myelin present
53
Brain matter makeup
outer - grey middle - white inner - grey
54
Spinal cord matter makeup
outer- white | inner - grey
55
Cerebrospinal fluid
CNS floats in watery nutrient rich bath | produced by specialised clusters of tissue
56
Choroid plexuses
specialised clusters of tissue that make CFS and hang from roof of ventricles knot of porous blood capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
57
ependymal cells
process the filtrate passing and aid in formation of blood brain barrier
58
CSF
protects brain from injury nourishes brain and removes wastes carries hormones
59
constant motion of CSF
aided by movement of long cilia of ependymal cells lining ventricles
60
Meninges
three covering layers of connective tissue dura mater arachnoid matter pia matter
61
Dura Matter
hard tough outermost covering connected to the inside of the skull
62
Arachnoid matter
middle covering, spider like
63
Pia Matter
tender, thin innermost covering attached to brain
64
sub arachnoid space
wide space between arachnoid and pia membranes where CSF flows
65
Hydrocephalus
when fluid accumulates and exerts pressure on brain
66
Brain subdivisions
left and right cerebral hemisphere diencephalon Brain stem cerebellum
67
The left and right hemisphere
consist of outer cerebral cortex of grey matter inner region of cerebral white matter island of additional grey matter (basal nuclei)
68
Cerebral cortex
``` controls all activities of the body can be divided into lobes outer: grey middle: white matter inner: basal nuclei - grey ```
69
Frontal lobe
back of brain consciousnesss and personality primary motor region
70
Parietal lobe
at the side Primary sensory region every part mapped to different body part
71
temporal lobe
at temple | primary audio centre
72
occipital lobe
infront of eyes | primary vision region
73
cerebral cortex functional areas
sensory areas motor association
74
Sensory areas
percieves information
75
motor area
control of voluntary movement
76
association areas
integrate multiple pieces of info from various stimuli
77
commissural fibres
enables communication between left and right hemispheres
78
association fibres
enables communication with each hemisphere
79
projection fibres
links cortex to rest of NS
80
Basal nuclei
influences motor function | consists of caudate nuclei, putamen, globus pallidus
81
lentiform nucleus
putamen and globus pallidus
82
corpus striatum
caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
83
Diencephalon
``` 2 lobed structure at middle brain on top of brain stem made of 3 components thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus ```
84
Thalamus
inner relay station to higher cerbral cortex, involved in memory processing
85
Hypothalamus
below control centre of homeostasis regulates many important functions
86
Epithalamus
back of diencephalon and contains pineal gland
87
pineal gland
secretes melatonin that controls sleep wake cycle and mood
88
Brain stem
critical to survival | contains specialised autonomic centres that controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
89
Brain stem - midbrain
top of stem - middle of brain
90
Brain stem -pons
bridge
91
Brain stem - medulla oblongata
lower part of stem controls important functions relay station of hypothalamus
92
Cerebellum
sits underneath cerebrum coordinates motor activities grey matter with thin branches of white matter in charge of coordination
93
spinal cord - protection
protected by bone, coverings and CSF
94
spinal cord - function
two way conduction pathway
95
anterior tips of wing
ventral horns
96
arrangement of grey matter in spinal cord
butterfly shaped
97
posterior tips of wings
dorsal horns
98
lateral wings
to the side, located in thoracic and superior lumbar regions
99
Ventral horns
mainly somatic motor nerve cells with efferent fibres leaving the spinal cord via ventral root
100
Dorsal horns
somatic sensory nerve afferent fibres travelling from organs to CNS enter spinal cord
101
lateral horns
autonomic nerve cells which stimulate visceral organs | stimulate flight or fight `
102
outside spinal cord - ventral and dorsal
they fuse together to form on spinal nerve for each side of body
103
Ascending nerve fibres
carry sensory impulses towards higher centres
104
Descending nerve fibres
carry impulses from brain to lower parts
105
Traversing fibres
carry info from one side to the other
106
Gyrus
brain ridges
107
Sulcus
grooves in brain, folds back on itself to form grooves
108
Broca's area
speaking (frontal)
109
Wernicke's area
processing and comprehesion | temporal
110
Corpus Callosum
thick bundle of nerve fibres that hold brain hmispheres together carries impulses and has many axonss
111
limbic system
emotional response ring of structures encircles the upper part of brain stem, corpus callosum and temporal lobes
112
Hippocampus
memory centre
113
olfactory bulbs and stalks
sense smell
114
Amygdala
instinctive behaviour and rage centre | response to pheromones
115
interneuron
link sensory and motor neuron that doesnt go through brain

Human Biology (14 decks)

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