Module 2 - Topic 1-2: Integumentary system Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Basic function of integumentary system
A
- physical and chemical barrier
- maintains body temp
- enables body to sense environment
- vitamin D synthesis
2
Q
How blood recieves oxygen
A
by diffusion through the skin (1-2%)
3
Q
integumentary makeup
A
many layers thick
specialised nerve endings
4
Q
Epidermis
A
outer layer of squamous epithelium
5
Q
Dermis
A
connective tissue, glands, blood and lymph vessels and nervous tissue
6
Q
Hypodermis
A
below the dermis, adipose tissue and connective tissue
7
Q
Keratinocytes
A
contains fibrous intermediate filaments protein (keratin) and waterproofs
8
Q
Melanocytes
A
secretes pigment - melanin
- shields the DNA from UV rays
- close to blood vessels
- delivers melanin granules to kertainocytes
9
Q
Langerhan’s cells
A
for immune surveillance and present antigens to immune system
10
Q
Stratum Corneum
A
outermost layer, dead, flattened sloughing cells
11
Q
Stratum Lucidum
A
clear layer, mainly thick skin
12
Q
Stratum Granulosom
A
granular layer, keratohyaline granules
13
Q
Stratum spinosum
A
spiny layer, developed desomomes, melanin
14
Q
Stratum Basale
A
innermost base, where the live cells, closest to the dermis
15
Q
Eumelanin
A
dark, makes skin darker
16
Q
Phaeomelanin
A
makes red hair
17
Q
Carotene
A
yellow
18
Q
Haemoglobin
A
reddish colour
19
Q
Dermis
A
highly vascularised
- supplies nutrients and O2 to stratum basale
- involved in temperature regulation
- protects underlying tissues
20
Q
Ceruminous Glands
A
modified apocrine glands
- secretes cerumen - wax
21
Q
Mammary Glands
A
modified apocrine sweat glands
- secrete milk
22
Q
Sebaceous glands
A
associated with hair follicles
- secrete sebum
- oil lubricates hair
23
Q
Hair
A
composed of concentric rings of keratinised cells
24
Q
Eumelanin
A
gives black brown and blonde colour
25
Lanugo
loses 2 months before birth
26
Vellus
fine, pale body hair
27
Terminal hair
scalp, eyebrow, lashes, axilla, pubis
28
Around hair follicles
nervous tissue
- microscopic muscle tissue
- contraction forces sebum out of hair follicles
29
Free nerve endings
pain and temp
30
merkel discs
light touch and pressure
31
Ruffini corpuscles
skin distortion and pressure
32
Meissner's corpuscles
light touch, texture
33
Pacinian Corpuscles
deep pressure, tickle and vibration
34
Hypodermis
consists of adipose tissue
storage depot for triglycerides
protects and insulates underlying skin
35
Human Skeleton
Compromised bone and cartilage
- provides support and protection
- assists movement
- calcium and phosphate storage
- blood cell production
36
Bone - qualities
strong and light but prone to wear and tear
37
Cartilage - qualities
more durable and flexible material
38
3 types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
39
Basic types of bones
```
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
```
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long bone
compact
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short bone
spongy except surface
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flat bone
plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone
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irregular bone
variable
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sesamoid bone
developed in tendons or ligaments
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ends of bone
epiphyses
46
shaft of bone
diaphysis
47
ara white fibrous membrane
periosteum
48
ticular cartilige
caps the end of bone
49
bone matrix
strong, hard, durable, tough material
50
Bone matrix composition
collagen type 1 fibres (strong, rope like protein fibres) and crystals (surrounding the collagen fibres)
51
Bone cells
Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
52
Osteogenic cells
Stem cells, the young cells that develop into other specialised cells
53
Oestoblasts
Matrix synthesising cell
Bone growth
Outside of Bone matrix
54
Oestoclasts
Bone reabsorbing cell
Bone eaters
Outside of cell
55
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell
Monitors and maintains bone matrix
Inside bone
56
Bone tissue
Dynamic, always changing
57
Lacuna
Cavities which the oestocytes are in
58
Long bone - compact bone
Solid, dense bone
| Basic unit of structure is osteons
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Osteons
Ring circles of bone crystal
60
Long bone - spongy bone
Sponge like with spaces and trabeculae
No osteon
Usually ends of bone
61
Trabeculae
Bony struts surrounded by bone marrow
62
When trabeculae are formed
Formed after birth, formed in places that need added strength and to lessen force
63
Flat bone - structure
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
64
Osteons- structure
Central cavity - arteries and veins
Lacuna - cavatites that hold osteocytes
Canliculi - allows nutrients from arteries to fuse to other osteocytes
65
Collagen fibres
Winded up bone
Tough fibres
Run in different directions in each layer of bone to provide strength
66
Thyroid gland
Secretes calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclasts activity
Decreases blood calcium levels
67
Parathyroid gland
4 small glands
Secretes parathyroid hormone
Stimulates osteocytes activity and bone degradation
Increases blood calcium level
68
Growth hormone
Secreted in parathyroid
| Stimulates oestoblasts and osteoclasts
69
Sex hormones
Oestrogen and testosterone inhibits oestoclast activity
| Stimulates osteoblasts activity
70
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilage growth plate
| At 18 cartilage stops dividing to let in more bone and bone replaces it
71
Red bone marrow
Found in spongy bone
| Site of blood cell production
72
Yellow marrow
Oily substance
Found in meduallary cavity of long bones (middle cavity)
Site of fat storage
73
Cartilage
```
Made of Chondrocytes (found in lacuna)
Matrix consisting of
- collagen fibres ( strength)
- elastin fibres (flexibility)
- chondrotin sulphate
```
74
Chondrotin sulphate
Chemical that attracts water
| Causes cartilage to be stiff - filled with water
75
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant but weakest
Rubbery
No blood vessels or nerves so repair is slow
Found in joints
Provides support, flexibility and reduces friction
76
Elastic cartilage
Networkof elastic fibres - maintains shape
| Provides elasticity and shape
77
Fibrocartilage
Visible collagen fibres - causes rigidity and strength as well as support and flexibility
Absorbs shock, resists compression
78
Cranium
Skull
79
Mandible
Chin
80
Clavicle
Shoulder bones
81
Scapula
Bone inbetween shoulder and torso
82
Humerus
Top of arm
83
Sternum
Middle of chest
84
Ilium
Pelvic bones
85
Sacrum
Where spine mets pelvis
86
Carpals
Wrist
87
Metacarpals
Bottoms of fingers
88
Plalanges
Top of fingers
89
Radius
Outer bone of lower arm
90
Ulna
Inner bone of lower arm
91
Femur
Top of leg
92
Patella
Knee cap
93
Ishchium
Pubis bone
94
Fibula
Outer lower leg
95
Tibia
Inner lower leg
96
Tarsals
Ankle
97
Metatarsals
Bottom of foot Close to ankle
