Module 6 - Topic 3-4: The female Reproductive system and Embryo Development Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
female reproductive system function
A
produces female gametes
female sex hormones
provides environment for foetal development
2
Q
ovaries
A
paried female gonads
upper pelvic cavity
held in place by ligaments
site of gamete production
3
Q
prolapsed uterus
A
when ligaments are weak
causes uterus to fall
4
Q
oogenesis
A
doesnt occur continuously through life
at birth, ovaries contain all possible oocytes
5
Q
oocytes
A
have stopped in prophase 1 of meiosis 1
6
Q
menstrual cycle
A
1 gamete matures and is released from graafian follicle
7
Q
meiosis 2 of oocytes
A
occurs if there is fertilisation
8
Q
oogenesis
A
produces 1 functional gametes and 3 non viable polar bodies
9
Q
Primordial follicle
A
highly vascularised stroma of ovaries
consists of oocyte and supporting cells
single layer of squamous cells
10
Q
primary follicle
A
FSH stimulates follicular cells (primordial) to become cuboidal then stratified
11
Q
granulosa cells
A
contain granules
surround primary follicle
12
Q
secondary follicle
A
has fluid filled cavity
the antrum
13
Q
graafin follicle
A
large fluid filled follicle
follicle bulges from surface of ovary
14
Q
corpus luteum
A
yellow fibrous structure remnants of ruptured graafian follicle produces progesterone promotes endometrium changes assists implanation degenerates to white fibrous tissue remnants of follicle
15
Q
corpus albicans
A
white fibrous tissue degenerated from corpus luteum
16
Q
fallopian tubes
A
tubes linking ovaries to uterus
receives oocytes and provide site for fertilisation
contain fimbria, infundibulum and cilia
17
Q
fimbriae
A
finger like projections at tip of infundibulum
18
Q
infundibulum
A
open funnel shaped portion of tube
19
Q
cilia
A
lining fallopian tubes propel egg to uterus
20
Q
uterus
A
hollow thick walled organ
sits in pelvic cavity
receives and sustains fertilised ovum in endometrium
21
Q
anteflexion
A
uterus normally projects anteriorly and superiorly over urinary bladder (points forward)
22
Q
retroflexion
A
posterior tilting of uterus
23
Q
bicornuate
A
double uterus
24
Q
uterus didelphys
A
double vagina, uterus and cervix
25
uterus muscle
myometrium (smooth muscle)
| endometrium
26
endometrium
2 layers
| functional and basal layer
27
functional layr
lines lumen
| sheds during menstruation
28
lumen
hollow interior of uterus
29
basal layer
permanent deeper layer of endometrium
contains uterine glands
forms new functional layer after shedding
30
endometriosis
endometrial cells migrate from endometrium and lodge into other areas
cells still shed each month and causes bleeding within the body
31
menarche
commence period
32
menopause
finish period
33
day 1
1st day of bleeding
34
day 14
ovulation
35
hormone regulation
progesterone and oestrogen variation promote changes to endometrium
36
Menstrual cycle
ovum moves towards and down fallopian tubes
| ovum degrades and endometrium sheds if fertilisation doesnt occur
37
3 phases of menstrual cycle
menstrual
proliferative
secretory
38
menstrual phase
functional layer of endometrium is shed
39
proliferative phase
functional layer of endometrium is rebuilt
40
secretory phase
begins immediately after ovulation
| enrichment of blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepares endometrium to receive embryo
41
cervix
lower neck of uterus
2-3 cm long
has cervical canal
42
cervical canal
allows the menstrual blood to pass from uterus and sperm to pass into uterus
43
vagina
fibromuscular organ ending at the cervix
| consists of inner mucosal layer, middle muscularis layer and outer adventitia
44
inner mucosal layer
stratified epithelium and connective tissue
| large stores of glycogen breakdown to produce acidic pH
45
middle muscularis layer
smooth muscle that allows considerable stretch
46
outer adventitia
loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs
47
Vagina function
passageway for menstrual flow, intercourse and birth
| opening is partially closed by hymen
48
hymen
fold of mucous and fibrous tissue that covers the entry of the vagina
49
mons pubis
fatty pad over pubis symphysis
50
labia majora and minora
folds of skin encircling vestibule where urethral and vaginal openings are
51
clitoris
smal mass of erectile tissue with multiple nerve endings
52
bulbs of vestibule
masses of erectile tissue deep into labia
| forms internal part of clitoris
53
antrum
space between oocyte and surrounding follicular cells that is filled with fluid
54
ovulation
when antrum becomes so large and presses out developing follicle causing oocyte to burst through connective tissue capsule
55
Hormonal regulation
hypothalumus releases gnRH which stimulates FSH and LH production
56
FSH
stimulate development of ovarian follicles
| lower levels of oestrogen
57
low levels of oestrogen
negative feedback effect on release of hypothalamus and pituitary hormones
58
14th day hormones
high quantities of oestrogen are produced by follicle that releases more FSH and LH
59
Large increase of LH
just after ovulation
stimulates primary oocyte to complete first meiotic division
supports development of corpus luteum
60
last 14 days of cycle
oestrogen and progesterone inhibit oogenesis, shutting down gnRh and FSh production and stimulate thickening of endometrium
61
absence of pregnancy
progestrone and oestrogen decline and endometrium sheds
62
if pregnancy occurs
placenta takes over hormone production
| placenta produces HCG
63
HCG
maintains corpus luteum until placenta is mature enough to produce oestrogen and progestrone
64
human development - important processes
growth
differentation
morphogenesis
65
morphogenesis
change of overall shape and organisation of embryo
66
fertilisation
in fallopian tube
| only one sperm will successfully penetrate
67
zona pellucida
outer glycoprotein coat of ova
68
acrosomal reaction
sperm releases digestive enzymes from acrosomal cap
69
cellular extension
from head of sperm
protrudes towards plasma membrane via actin filaments
docks the sperm surface receptors with ovum cell receptors and guides movement of sperm cell nucleus into cytoplasm of ovum
70
polyspermy
several sperm into single eg
71
mechanisms to stop polyspermy
fast block
| slow block
72
fast block
electric fence
| as one sperm enters, Na ions are released into ovum causing membrane to depolarise, preventing other sperm from entering
73
slow block
castle moat
calcium ions are released causing granules located under ovum membrane to spill enzyme into extracellular space between ovum and membrane
enzymes attract water so space fills up and detaches and washes away any other sperm
74
zonal inhibitory proteins
enzyme released by ovum granules that destroy sperm binding receptors and attract water
75
cleavage
first 4 cell divisions following fertilisation
| without an increase in overall size
76
Morula
following cleavage
16 cell structure
surface is smoother due to compaction
77
compaction
boundaries between adjacent cells become less obvious as they become more adhesive
78
blastula
end of first week after fertilisation
embryonic cells have become organised into blastula which contains outer single layer of cells (trophoblast) and inner cell mass
trophoblast takes part in placenta formation
inner cell mass becomes embryonic disc
79
blastocyst cavity
seperate trophoblast layer and inner cell mass
80
Implanation
beggining of week 2
implanation of blastocyst into endometrium
outer trophoblast cells release enzymes that digest wall of endometrium
outer most cells of trophoblast begin to burrow into endometrium
81
syncytio-trophoblast
outermost cells of trophoblast
82
cyto-trophoblast
remaining inner components of trophoblasts
83
Gastrulation
cells of inner cell mass reorganise and give rise to 3 layer
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
84
ectoderm
```
outer layer
will give rise to:
epidermis of skin
epithelial cells that line start and end of GI tract
nervous system
```
85
mesoderm
```
middle layer
gives rise to:
musculo-skeletal system
circulatory system
sub epithelial layers of digestive and airways
dermis of skin
excretory system
```
86
endoderm
inner layer
epithelial lining of digestive tract and airways
associated glands
87
Neurulation
development of nervous system
| region with ectoderm invaginates downwards towards mesoderm and eventually buds off into neural tube
88
anterior end of neural tube
develops into brain
89
posterior end of neural tube
develops into spinal cord
90
Amniotic sac
important extracellular membrane
surrounds developing embryo to provide support and protection
made from ectoderm
91
yolk sac
made from endoderm
| where blood cells are formed and give rise to allantois
92
allantois
tubular structure that forms blood vessels of umblicial cord
93
chorionic membrane
made from mesoderm
| splits into inner and outer layer
94
outer layer of chorion
combines with cytotrophoblast cells to form network of blood capillaries with placenta
95
inner layer of chorion
around amniotic membrane
96
Parturition (birth)
cells within foetus produce oxytocin which acts on placenta
placenta releases prostaglandins
increasing physical and emotional stress activates mother hypothalamus
97
last 2 weeks of pregnancy
oestrogen peaks which stimulates myometrium to form oxytocin receptors
98
prostaglandins and oxytocin role in birth
powerful uterine muscle stimulants
99
mother increasing hypothalamus activity
triggers posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin and increase positive feedback
100
labor - hormones
decrease of progesterone and increase of hPL, hCT, oestrogen, oxytocin, relaxin and prostaglandins
101
relaxin
causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax widen and become more flexible
102
hPL
stimulates maturation of breasts for lactation
103
hCT
ensures foetus has calcium for bone formation
104
true labor
uterine contractions occur at regular intervals
105
symptoms of true labor
```
contractions produce strong pain
contraction intervals shorten
contractions intensify
localisation of pain in back
discharge of bloody mucus
dilation of cervix
```
106
false labor
weak contractions
| mild pain felt at irregular intervals
107
braxton hicks
irregular contractions
108
stage 1 of true labor
stage of dilation
from onset of labor to complete dilation of cervix
regular contractions of uterus
amniotic sac ruptures
109
stage 2 of true labor
stage of expulsion
| from complete cervical dilation to delivery of baby
110
stage of true labor
placental stage
after delivery until placenta is expelled
contractions constrict blood vessels that were torn during delivery
111
foetus hormones - labor
secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine to provide protection against stress
112
puerperium
stage after birth when maternal organs return to pre preganacy stage
113
puerperium - key types
uterus reduces in size
cervix loses elasticity
lochia appears
114
lochia
uterine discharge that consists of blood and serous fluid
115
respiratory adjustments
blood carbon dioxide levels increase stimulating respiratory centre in brain
baby exhales vigourously
116
cardiovascular adjustments
foramen ovale between atria of heart closes
ductus arteriosus closes
umblical arteries become medial umblical ligaments and umblical vein becomes ligament of liver
oxygen use increases which stimulates increase in erthrocyte and hemoglobin production
117
Anencephaly
major portion of brain missing
118
neural groove
future spinal cord and brain
119
somites
bands of tissue becomes muscles and bones
120
pharyngeal arches
future neck, face, mouth and nose
121
relaxin
causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax, widen and become more flexible
122
before ovulation - hormones
oestrogen increases from day 1 to just before ovulation when lh has large surge and smaller surge of fsh
123
after ovulation - hormones
Lh and FSH drop and progesterone surges
