Module 4 - Topic 3-4: The immune system, Inflammation and Repair

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

response of the body to tissue damage

maintains homeostasis

Question 2

How inflammation maintains homeostasis

Answer 2

removing injuring agent
preventing spread
repairing the barrier

Question 3

Basic symptoms of inflammation

Answer 3

redness
swelling
heat
pain
impaired tissue function

Question 4

Inflammation important events

Answer 4

changes in diameter and permeability of blood vessels
emigration of white blood cells into surrounding tissues
Production and release of chemical substances

Question 5

diapedesis

Answer 5

migration of white blood cells into surrounding tissues

Question 6

Acute inflammation

Answer 6

fairly minor

rapid onset but last a few days at max

Question 7

primary response of acute inflammation

Answer 7

release of inflammatory mediators

Question 8

inflammatory mediators - function

Answer 8

alter the diameter and permeability of blood vessels

Question 9

histamine - location

Answer 9

mast cells inside dermis

Question 10

Histamine - function

Answer 10

binds to specific receptors causing blood vessels to dilate, leading to redness of area
produces hives in allergic reactions

Question 11

erythema

Answer 11

redness and heat of area due to vasodilation

Question 12

Mast cells and basophils - function in inflammatory response

Answer 12

release potent mediators that act on infected cells

contain cystoplasmic granules

Question 13

Mast cells - location

Answer 13

connective and dermal tissues

dont circulate in blood stream

Question 14

Basophils - location

Answer 14

from bone marrow
released into blood circulation
may settle into tissues if stimulated

Question 15

cytoplasmic granules

Answer 15

store mediators of inflammation

Question 16

degranulation

Answer 16

extracellular release of mediators

Question 17

factors that induce degranulation

Answer 17

physical destruction - high temp
chemical substances - toxins and poisons
endogenous mediators - tissue proteases
immune mechanisms - IgE independent and dependent

Question 18

IgE independent

Answer 18

anafylatoxins (C5a,C3a,C4a) are formed during activation of complement system
degranulation is triggered through C5a receptors on surface of mast cells and basophils

Question 19

IgE dependent

Answer 19

elicited by aggregation of immunoglobin E (IgE) bound to high affinity receptors on surface of mast cells and basophils

Question 20

Chemotactic factors

Answer 20

released from sites of inflammation and stimulate amoeboid migration of leukocytes out of blood stream

Question 21

chemotaxis

Answer 21

chemical attraction to a site of injury

Question 22

protective leukocytes

Answer 22

die after destroying invading agents

Question 23

pus

Answer 23

presence of a large number of neutrophils

Question 24

leukocytosis

Answer 24

promotes production and release of leukocytes

Question 25

fibroblasts - inflammatory response

Answer 25

once debris and bacteria has been removed, fibroblasts synthesize new tissue components

Question 26

Fever

Answer 26

caused by pyrogens secreted by leukocytes exposed to bacteria in the body

Question 27

Chronic inflammation

Answer 27

if agents arent removed, tissue will proceed to chronic state, which persists for several weeks, months or years starts as acute response but proceeds further

Question 28

Chronic inflammation - noticeable feature

Answer 28

replacement of neutrophils by large number of lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 29

lymphocytes and monocytes - function

Answer 29

second line of defense | bring with them additional defense power

Question 30

Immune system

Answer 30

specific defence system systemic has memory

Question 31

Agents - makeup

Answer 31

are tailor made so only attack specific target

Question 32

how agents recognise target

Answer 32

the body must receive prior exposure to the agent before it can build a proper defence

Question 33

Antigens

Answer 33

provoke immune response foreign to body usually proteins

Question 34

outer surface of bacteria and virsus

Answer 34

antigenic, contain a variety of foreign proteins

Question 35

antigenic determinants

Answer 35

certain parts of antigen are immunogenic

Question 36

immune system activation

Answer 36

releases either free antibodies to bind to antigenic determinants, destroying and neutralising foreign agent

Question 37

primary response to antigens

Answer 37

produce protective antibodies

Question 38

antibodies - production

Answer 38

produced by activated B lymphocytes

Question 39

Antibody binding

Answer 39

bind specifically to respective antigens to form larger structures called immune complexes

Question 40

Immune complex functions

Answer 40

neutralises toxic antigens activate formation of inflammatory mediators immune complexes on surface of bacteria activate complements target structures for phagocytosis

Question 41

complements

Answer 41

plasma proteins that drill holes into bacteria cell membrane and cause bacteria to burst

Question 42

White blood cells - role in immune system

Answer 42

programming, activating and regualtion

Question 43

Humoral immunity

Answer 43

antibody mediated immunity | B lymphocytes

Question 44

Cellular immunity

Answer 44

cell mediated immunity | t lymphocytes

Question 45

B lymphocytes

Answer 45

produce antibodies | b cells

Question 46

Naiive b cells

Answer 46

has not been previously exposed to antigen, in lymphoid tissues

Question 47

naive b cell - role

Answer 47

produces unique antibody

Question 48

how antigens are produces

Answer 48

binding of antigen to correct b cell activates mitosis which produces large number of antibodies

Question 49

plasma cells

Answer 49

specialised b celles that release large amounts of sntibody

Question 50

memory cells

Answer 50

b lymphocytes as they remember the antigen and ready to respond to attack at any point

Question 51

T lymphocytes

Answer 51

display proteins on surface that behave like antibodies | arent secreted and only bind to antigens of surface of abnormal cells

Question 52

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 52

APC | specialised phagocytic leukocytes which digest antigens and present fragments of antigens on surface

Question 53

Abnormal cells

Answer 53

cancerous cells

Question 54

Helper T cells

Answer 54

react with APC

Question 55

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 55

react with abnormal cells

Question 56

Activated helper T cells

Answer 56

stimulate activity of other lymphocytes by synthesising regulatory compounds called cytokine

Question 57

Helper T cell - TH1

Answer 57

participate in cell mediated immunity | control intracellular pathogens

Question 58

Helper T cell - TH2

Answer 58

provide help for B cells essential for antibody mediated immunity needed to control extracellular pathogens

Question 59

Activated Cytotoxic cells

Answer 59

physcially attack cell membrane causing abnormal cells to die

Question 60

Autoimmune disease

Answer 60

when the immune system loses the ability to recognise between foreign and self particles

Question 61

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 61

attacks myelin on axons of nerves in brain and spinal cord

Question 62

Diabetes Mellitus (type 1)

Answer 62

attacks the pancreas

Question 63

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 63

attacks cartilage of bone joints

Question 64

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 64

attacks the whole body and gives red wolf bite like rash

Question 65

complement cells

Answer 65

punch holes in cell membrane

Question 66

Antibody classes

Answer 66

``` IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD ```

Question 67

IgG

Answer 67

most abundant

Question 68

IgM

Answer 68

first type released in primary response | 5 sided polymer

Question 69

IgA

Answer 69

in bodily secretions | 2 polymer

Question 70

IgE

Answer 70

causes histamine response | increases allergy

Question 71

IgD

Answer 71

activates B cells

Question 72

Cellular immunity

Answer 72

made during childhood

Question 73

Humoral immunity - Active -Naturally acquired

Answer 73

active | infection, contact with pathogen

Question 74

Humoral immunity - Active - Artificially Acquired

Answer 74

vaccine | dead pathogen

Question 75

Humoral immunity - Passive - Naturally Acquired

Answer 75

antibodies pass from mother to foetus

Question 76

Humoral Immunity - Passive - Artifically Acquired

Answer 76

injection of erogenous antibodies