Module 5 - Topic 1 - 2A: The Respiratory System and The Digestive System Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Conducting Region
A
a system of tubes that provide passage for air to enter and leave lungs
2
Q
Respiratory Region
A
site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood stream and atmosphere
3
Q
Conducting Region - place
A
begins with nose and extends down into lungs
4
Q
Structures that air passes to
A
nasal or oral cavity pharynx larynx trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
5
Q
Function of conducting region
A
pathway for gases to enter and leave body
trap and expel most particulate matter
6
Q
How particles are trapped
A
by mucus produced by goblet cells
7
Q
Cilia function
A
produce currents that sweep mucus and particles towards oesophagus where it is spat out or swallowed and digested
8
Q
Epithelium of upper respiratory tract
A
multiple layers of squamous epithelial that resists wear and tear and assists food transportation
9
Q
Mucus function
A
traps particles and moistens and warms incoming air, prevents airways from drying out
10
Q
branching of airways - structure
A
gradual change in structure
epithelium becomes flatter and cilia and goblet cells disappear as you move down bronchial tree
11
Q
smooth muscle function
A
enables diameter of airways and regulates air flow
12
Q
broncho - constricition
A
contraction of smooth muscle
causes narrowing of airways
13
Q
broncho-dilation
A
relaxation of smooth muscle
causes opening of airways
14
Q
Respiration region - function
A
gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
15
Q
Respiration region - structures
A
respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
16
Q
Alveoli - function
A
site of gas exchange
17
Q
Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts - function
A
passage for gas to enter and leave alveoli
18
Q
Alveolar sacs
A
bunches of alveoli
19
Q
Respiratory membrane
A
barrier in each alveolus through which gas diffuses
20
Q
Respiratory membrane - make up
A
alveolar Type 1 cell
endothelial cell
collagen fibres
21
Q
Alveolar type 1 cells
A
single flattened alveolar epithelial cell
22
Q
Endothelial cell
A
single flattened blood capillary epithelial cell
23
Q
type 2 cells
A
produce surfactant
24
Q
Surfactant
A
reduces surface tension of watery fluid that coats the surface of alveolus
25
SIDS
decreased surfactant production
26
Macrophages in alveoli
maintain sterility of alveoli
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alveolar pores
allows air pressure throughout lungs to be equalised and provide alternate routes for air to pass to any alveoli
28
Intercostal muscles
skeletal muscles that surround the thoracic cavity
29
What surrounds thoracic cavity
ribcage
skeletal muscles
diaphragm
30
inspiration
breathing in
31
expiration
breathing out
32
how contraction occur
coordinated contraction of intercostal and diaphragm muscles
33
thoracic cavity - volume increase
pull ribcage upwards and outwards
34
Increase in thoracic cavity volujme
decrease in pressure causing negative pressure
35
negative pressure
causes atmospheric air to be sucked into lungs
36
decrease in thoracic cavity volume
ribcage is pressed inwards, pressure in cavity decreases, and air is pushed out
37
pleural cavities
surrounds each lung
38
pleural cavity - makeup
thin cavities formed of serous membrane
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pleura
serous membrane covering lungs
40
visceral pleura
covers each lung
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parietal pleura
lines thoracic wall
42
decreases in pressure in thoracic cavity
pull on pleural cavities, promotes expansion of lungs
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increase in pressure in thoracic cavity
exerts pressure on pleural cavities which causes lungs to expel air
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intrapleural pressure
always slightly less than atmospheric pressure within alveoli
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imbalance in pressure
prevents collapse of alveoli and lungs
46
pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae, as a result of pneumonia, hinders breathing
47
atelectasis
lung collapse
| air enters the pleural cavity through chest wound or rupture of visceral pleura
48
pneumothorax
presence of air within intrapleural space
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movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide
simple diffusion
50
concentration of gases
referred to as partial pressure
51
Atmospheric pressure
composite of all partial pressures
52
one atmosphere
760 mmHg
53
what regulates diffusion of gases
relative solubility and difference in partial pressure
54
carbon dioxide water solubility
20 times more soluble in water that oxygen
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oxygen solubility
poorly soluble in water and plasma
56
majority of oxygen - transport
carried by haemoglobin
57
higher the concentration of oxygen
better chance of oxygen being bound to haemoglobin
58
oxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin and oxygen combination
| HbO2
59
deoxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin that has released attached oxygen
60
fully saturated
when all four heme groups are bound to oxygen
61
allosteric binding
the chances of the first molecule enhances the binding of the second heme group
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rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - factors
```
concentration of oxygen
temp
blood Ph
concentration of carbon dioxide
concentration of organic molecules
```
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rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen -
| concentration of oxygen
produces an oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve
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rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - temp
increasing temp aids oxygen unloading
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rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - blood pH
if blood is too acidic, unloading is accelrated
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rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - concentration of carbon dioxide
increasing concentration produces acidic pH therefore oxygen unloading is increased
67
rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - concentration of organic chemicals
high levels of BPG (produced by red blood cells) aids oxygen unloading
68
loading and unloading of oxygen equation
lung -->
HHb + o2 --> Hb-O2 + H+
tissues
69
when blood travels through lungs - oxygen concentration
enhances the binding of oxygen
70
carbon dioxide reacts with water
forms carbonic acid which disscoiates into bicarbonate ions
71
carbonic anhydrase
increases bicarbonate formation
72
carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer
resists shifts in blood pH and aids maintains homeostasis
73
chloride shift
chloride ions move from plasma to red blood cells to counterbalance the quick diffusion of bicarbonate ions
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carbon dioxide binding
binds to amino acids within globin protein chains of haemoglobin molecule
75
control of respiration
activity of nerves in hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and pons
stimulation of chemoreceptors
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Hypothalamus control
strong emotions and pain activate sympathetic nerve centres
| sends signals to respiratory centres that modify the rate and depth of respiration
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Medulla Oblongata control
by 2 neurons
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
78
dorsal respiratory group
inspiratory centre controls basic pace and rhythm
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Ventral respiratory group
expiratory centre role in forced breathing when strenous breathing is required
80
The pons control
pnemotaxic centre and apneustic centre
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pnemotaxic centre
fine tunes the breathing rhythm and prevents lung over inflation
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Apnuestic centre
prolongs inspiration and causes breath holding in inspriatory phase
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The chemoreceptors control
respond to changing levels of CO2, H+ and O2 and found in two location
84
locations of chemoreceptors
central ( in CNS)
| peripheral ( in carotid arteries of neck and aorta)
85
digestive system
long winding tube with several specialised organs attached at various points along its length
86
Main tube like part of digestive system
gastrointestinal tract
87
digestive system - function
acquire nutrients and water from the external environment and removes wastes
88
Ingestion
takes place within mouth and oesphagus
89
Propulsion
continually occurs throughout GI tract
90
Digestion
takes place in mouth, stomach and small intestine
91
Nutreint and water absorption
takes place in small and large intestine
92
Defecation
removal of wastes
93
Makeup of GI tract
epithelial lining changes throughout but begins and ends with multiple layers of flattened cells in mouth and anus
in between mouth and anus epithelium varies in accordance with activites
94
Mucosa
inner most layer of GI tract
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
absorbs nutrients
protects against infection by possessing mucosa associated lymphiod tissue
95
Muscularis Mucosae
thin layer of smooth muscle that produces twitching contractions of overlying epithelium and prevents material from building up and clogging GI tract
folds the epithelium of small intestine into villi
96
Submucosa
rich supply of blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes and lymph vessels
97
Muscularis
inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
propels contents of GI tract forward and assists digestion
98
Segmentation
mixing of contents
99
peristalsis
propulsion of contents
100
serosa
protective outer layer composed of connective tissue
101
Oral cavity
contains salivary ducts, teeth, tongue and taste buds
| initial site of chemical and mechanical digestion
102
Oropharynx
back of throat, below nasopharynx
| contains tonsils and epiglottis
103
Oesophagus
muscular tube
| goes through diaphragm and joins to stomach
104
gastro oesphogael sphincter
band of circular smooth muscle that stops food from the stomach reentering the oesophagus
105
sphincter
rubber band like valve
106
gastric reflux and oesophageal ulcers
weakening of gastro-oesophageal
107
Stomach
storage tank where chemical digestion of proteins begins
walls contain 3 layers of smooth muscle - allows churning and mixing of food
in stomach epithelium, deep gastric pits lead down into gastric glands
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Chyme
creamy paste of digested food made in stomach
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rugae
mucosal surface that contains large longitudinal folds which allow expansion of stomach
110
pyloric sphincter
joins stomach to small intestine
111
Parietal cells
gastric gland - secrete digestive acid
112
Chief cells
gastric glands - produce pepsinogen
113
pepsinogen
is converted into active pepsin that digests proteins in the presence of HCL
114
Enteroendocrine cells
gastric glands - release substances like gastrin and other hormones
115
gastrin
stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl
116
Intrinsic factor
produced by stomach
| must be present for B12 to be absorbed
117
small intestine
main site of nutrient absorption
divided into 3 sections
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
118
duodenum
first section, bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct from pancreas
119
jejunum
middle part of small intestine
120
ileum
last part of small intestine
121
brush border cells
individual intestinal epithelial absorptive cells comprising each villi
contain disaccharidases
122
disaccharidases
enzymes which aid in digestion of carbs and sugars
123
lipase
enzyme that digests lipids
124
proteinases
enzyme that aids digestion of proteins
125
Villus structure
contains a blood capillary system and lymphatic vessel
126
blood capillary system
absorbs amino acids from proteins and simple sugars
127
Lymphatic vessel
absorbs fats into lympathic system
128
crypts
small intestinal mucosa pits that secrete intestinal juices
129
Duodenal glands
in duodenum submucosa secrete alkaline bicarbonate rich mucus that helps neutralise the acid entering from stomach
130
goblet cells
produce mucus and protect epithelium from HCL
131
Large intestine
main site of water absorption
no villi
many goblet cells
contains bacterial flora
132
bacterial flora
bacteria that colonises the large intestine and ferment some of the indigestible carbs
synthesises B complex vitamins and vitamin K
133
teniae coli
3 ribbons that reduce the longitudinal muscle in wall of large intestine
causes large intestine to pucker up into pocket like sacs
134
haustra
pocket like sacs in large intestine
135
large intestine - division
```
4 parts
cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal
```
136
cecum
pouch like section that is just after ileocaecal valve that contains appendix
137
colon
```
ascending colon (upwards)
transverse colon (across)
descending colon (down)
sigmoid colon (s shaped)
```
138
rectum
straight out
139
anal canal
contains internal and external anal sphincters
140
Epiglottis
covers hole in trachea
stops food from entering lungs
elastic cartilage
141
Larynx
patent open airway
switches mechanism to route air and food
made of cartilage
voice production
142
pitch of voice box
length and tension of folds
143
Voice box
loudness depends on force of air stream
| slow vibrate = deep voice
144
Defacation
mass movement makes sensory receptors signal involuntary sphincters
145
Diverticulitis
associated with aging
| pressure causes bulging pockets
146
Why we vomit
sensory impulses to brain
abdominal skeletal muscles and diaphragm contract
oesophagus sphincter releases
147
gamma cells
reduces appetite
| releases pancreatic polypeptide
148
epsilon cells
secretes ghrelin
hunger hormone
secreted into stomach before meals
149
uvula
flap that stop food from going up into back of nose
150
pleurae
serous sac encasing each lung
151
inhaling
muscles contract and pleural and thoracic pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
152
exhaling
muscles relax and pleural and thoracic pressure is bigger than atmospheric
