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Human Biology > Module 5 - Topic 2B-3: The Digestive System and Renal System > Flashcards

Module 5 - Topic 2B-3: The Digestive System and Renal System Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Salivary Glands

A

secretes saliva

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2
Q

Parotid Glands

A

salivary glands

either side of mouth, infront of ears

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3
Q

Sublingual glands

A

under the tongue

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4
Q

Submandibular glands

A

under the lower jaw bone

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5
Q

Buccal glands

A

small intrinsic glands scattered throughout mucosa of oral cavity

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6
Q

Saliva

A

cleanses mouth
dissolves food chemicals
moistens food to aid swallowing
contains salivary amylase that initiates chemical digestion of starch

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7
Q

saliva makeup

A

IgA antibodies
lysozyme (bacterial enzyme)
defensins (antibiotic proteins)
cyanide compound that prevents growth and infection of harmful bacteris

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8
Q

Pancreas location

A

near start of small intestine

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9
Q

Pancreas - makeup

A

contains a mixture of exocrine and endocrine glandular tissue

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10
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas

A

contains acini that secrete pancreactic juice into a duct that goes to small intestine

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11
Q

acini

A

small clusters of secretory cells

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12
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

contains alkaline bicarbonate- rich mixture, specialised for digestion of proteins, sugars, lipids and nucleic acids
neutralises the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from stomach

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13
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas

A

pancreatic islets
islets of Langerhans
secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

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14
Q

Alpha islet cells

A

secrete glucagon

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15
Q

Beta islet cells

A

secretes insulin

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16
Q

Delta islet cells

A

secrete somatostatin

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17
Q

glucagon function

A

increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose release from liver

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18
Q

Insulin function

A

lower blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into tissue cells
influences protein and fat metabolism

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19
Q

Insulin function after glucose enters cells

A

catalyses oxidation of glucose for ATP production
joins glucose molecules together to produce glycogen
converts glucose to fat

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20
Q

Liver

A

influences main different activities

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21
Q

Liver - main functions

A

produces bile
metabolises lipids and other nutrients
stores glucose in form of glycogen

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22
Q

Bile

A

acts as a detergent and assists digestion and absorption of fats

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23
Q

Hepatocytes

A

liver cells that produce bile

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24
Q

how bile gets to gallbladder

A

collected from liver by a network of ducts and drains into gallbladder

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25
Gallbladder
small green sac under the right lower surface of the liver
26
gallbladder function
concentrates and stores bile
27
cholecystokinin
intestinal hormone that is released when fatty chyme enters the small intestine from stomach major stimuli for gallbladder contraction
28
gallstones
crystals of pure cholesterol, formed when high concentrate of cholesterol
29
bilirubin
main pigment of bile | waste product of heme
30
jaundice
caused by a build up of bilirubin in the blood
31
Portal circulatory system - location
begins at capillaries of digestive organs and ends in portal vein
32
Portal blood
contains substances absorbed by stomach and intestines | passed through the hepatic lobules
33
Hepatic lobules
where nutrients and toxins are absorbed, excreted or converted
34
portal hypertension
restriction of outflow through hepatic portal system
35
liver lobules
tiny functional units in liver | shaped like a hexagonal wheel
36
liver lobule makeup
central vein with sheets of hepacytes radiating outwards
37
portal triad
at each point of hexagon | consists of arteriole, venule and bile duct
38
sinusoids
leaky capillaries that blood from ateriole and venules passes through to get to central vein
39
kupffer cells
star shaped macrophages that remove debris and worn out blood cells from blood
40
sheets of hepatocytes in liver lobule - function
process blood borne nutrients store fat soluble vitamins detoxify blood produce bile
41
bile canaliculi
tiny canals that hepatocytes secrete bile
42
Hepatitis
inflammation of liver
43
HVA and HVE
transmitted by food or water contamination
44
HVB and HVC
carried in infected blood or body fluids
45
HVD
mutated virus that needs HVB to be infectious
46
Non viral Hepatitis
result of drug toxicity, pesticide poisoning or wild mushroom poisoning
47
cirrhosis
progressive chronic inflammation of liver as a result of chronic alcoholism
48
Urinary system - function
control the amount of water present in body and eliminate water soluble wastes
49
human urinary system
recycles water and eliminates the need for constant drinking
50
primary organ of urinary system
kidneys
51
Kidney function
remove waste products from water and return water to rest of body act as endocrine glands that secrete erythropoietin and renin activates Vitamin D to assist bone formation supply glucose to body during fasting
52
Urine
contain waste products such as toxic metabolic water substances and salts
53
major components of urinary system
ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
54
Functions of urinary system
maintains salt, water and pH balance of blood and removes wastes
55
renin
helps regulate blood pressure and kidney function
56
Kidney - location
back of upper abdominal cavity
57
Kidney - makeup
highly vascularised bean shaped protected by renal fascia, adipose layer and inner renal capsule has 3 main regions, outer cortex, inner medulla and renal pelvis
58
renal fascia
outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
59
renal capsule
thin, shiny, transparent membrane on surface of each kidney
60
Outer cortex of kidney
light coloured granular appearance site of filtration
61
Inner medulla
deep below cortex dark reddish brown colour contains renal pyramids re absorption and secretion
62
renal pyramids
cone shaped masses in inner medulla of kidney
63
papilla
apex of renal pyramids
64
Renal pelvis
central junction that papilla point towards | large funnel shaped collecting tube which is continuous with ureter leaving the kidney
65
calyces
branching extensions of renal pelvis | collect urine which drains constantly from pyramids and empties into renal pelvis
66
renal artery
enter each kidney carrying blood to be filtered
67
Renal vein
leaves kidney, carries blood away
68
Nephrons
tiny blood filtration units in kidney that carry out the processes of urine formation
69
Nephron makeup
glomerulus Bowmans capsule Renal tubule
70
Glomerulus
small pin head sized tuft of arterioles
71
Bowmans capsule
cup like structure that holds glomerulus and allows fluid to pass from the blood into collecting tubules
72
Renal Corpuscle
glomerulus and bowmans capsule
73
Renal tubule
tiny collecting tube divided into 3 regions Proximal convoluted tubule (near twisted) loop of henle Distal convoluted tubule (distant twisted)
74
Fenestrations
small holes in the endothelium of the arterioles in the glomerulus allow fluid and solutes to leak out of bloodstream
75
Basement membrane
extracellular matrix of collagen fibres that underlie all epithelia prevents large solutes from going any further
76
Podocytes
epithelial cells that filter the fluid that comes through basement membrane have tiny foot like projections called pedicels
77
pedicels
foot like projections which press against basement membrane restricting the surface area for filtration and regulates amount of fluid being filtered
78
fluid that passes pedicels
contains only small molecules like salts | collected into bowmans capsule and carried down renal tubule
79
Urine formation
involve 3 major processes glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
80
Glomerular filtration
begins in renal corpuscle | passive, non selective process where fluids and solutes are forced through membrane under hydrostatic pressure
81
Tubular Reabsorption
proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs glucose, lactate and amino acids back into body
82
Role of Loop of henle in selective reabsorption
since extracellular space becomes hypertonic , water moves by osmosis out of descending limb into extracellular space
83
descending limb of loop of Henle
freely permeable to water | impermeable to solutes
84
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
impermeable to water cells lining the ascending limb have a pump that transports salt from urine back into extracellular space to the bloodstream
85
Further processing of filtrate
occurs in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
86
distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts - permeability
have hormone dependent permeability to water
87
Aldosterone
secreted by adrenal glands targets distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts and enhances Na+ and water reabsorption into body reduces potassium ion concentrations in the blood
88
Antidiuretic Hormone
released by posterior pituitary gland | increases the permeability of collecting ducts
89
Tubular secretion - location
proximal convoluted tubules cortical parts of collecting ducts late regions of distal convoluted tubules
90
Tubular secretion - function
disposal of unfiltered substances elimination of undesirable substances or end products ridding body of excessive potassium controls blood pH
91
Ureters
slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys into urinary bladder
92
renal calculi
kidney stones | block ureter and flow or urine
93
Hydronephrosis
backflow of urine into kidneys | leads to renal failure
94
urinary bladder
collapsible smooth muscular sac that temporarily stores urine
95
interior of bladder
lined with protective mucosa | has openings to ureters and urethra
96
trigone
smooth triangular region of bladder that has 3 openings
97
bladder wall makeup
inner mucosa middle thick smooth muscular layer outer fibrous connective layer
98
Urethra
thin muscular tube | drains urine from bladder to outside
99
internal urethra sphincter
at bladder urethra junction involuntary control keeps urethra closed
100
external urethra sphincter
surrounds urethra and formed from skeletal muscle voluntary control voluntary constrictor of of urethra

Human Biology (14 decks)

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