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Human Biology > Module 6 - Topic 1-2: Sexual Reproduction and the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 6 - Topic 1-2: Sexual Reproduction and the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Meiosis

A

reshuffling of chromosomes during gamete production
increases genetic diversity
enables adaption

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2
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of gametes to form complete organism

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

2 sister chromatids that are joined by a centromere

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4
Q

Karotype

A

total 23 pairs

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5
Q

autosomes

A

22 homologous pairs of body chromosomes

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6
Q

sex chromosomes

A

1 pair

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7
Q

xx

A

female

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8
Q

xy

A

male

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9
Q

Genetic crossover

A

occurs in meiosis 1 in prophase 1

pairing up and close alignment of homologous chromosomes allows this to occur

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10
Q

Disjunction

A

when each gamete receives an x chromosome

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11
Q

Mitosis divisions

A

1

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12
Q

crossover of homologous pairs - mitosis

A

doesnt occur

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13
Q

daughter cell number and genetic composition - mitosis

A

two

each is identical to mother cell

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14
Q

roles in body - mitosis

A

produces cells for growth and tissue repair

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15
Q

meiosis divisions

A

2

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16
Q

crossover - meiosis

A

occurs in prophase 1

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17
Q

daughter cell number and genetic composition

A

4

each hapliod has half as many chromosomes as mother cell and is genetically different

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18
Q

roles in body - meiosis

A

produces reproductive cells

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19
Q

Non disjunction

A

chromosomes do not separate during meiosis

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20
Q

aneuploidy

A

incorrect diploid number of chromosomes

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21
Q

Non disjunction of chromosomes

A

often lethal

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22
Q

trisomy 21

A

downs syndrome

3 21 chromosomes

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23
Q

Non disjunction of sex chromosomes

A

one daughter cell gets both x chromosomes and one gets none

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24
Q

triplo X

A

no exhibitable features

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25
turners syndrome
XO ova has no x chromosome sterile webbed neck with no secondary sexual features
26
Klinefelters syndrome
XXY | in men only
27
Congenital Anomalies
infectious diseases teratogens congenital disorders
28
Function of male reproductive system
deliver sperm to female production of male gametes production of male sex hormones
29
Parts of the male reproductive system
``` tunica vaginalis spermatic cord epididymis testes penis urethra scrotum dartos muscle ```
30
tunica vaginalis
pouch of serous membrane that covers testes | derived from the vaginal process of peritoneum
31
spermatic cord
fibrous connective tissue sheath | contains vans deferens, blood and lympathic vessels and nerve fibres
32
sperm development
in seminiferous tubules and epididymis
33
vas deferens
directs and propels sperm into urethra, after sperm has passed through epididymis transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts for production of ejaculation
34
spermatogenesis
involves meiosis requires hormonal stimulation lasts entire life
35
Seminiferous tubules
sperm factories divided into lobules connected to epididymis via rete testis
36
outer layer of seminiferous tubules
stem cells from which sperm arises | located near basement membrane of tubules
37
spermatogonia
sperm stem cells
38
inner core of seminiferous tubules
mature spermatozoa developing | located in tubule lumen
39
Supporting cells of seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells | leydig cells
40
sertoli cells
``` sustentocytes located in walls of tubules supply nutrients to sperm form blood testicular barrier secrete hormones that moderate sperm production ```
41
leydig cells
interstitial cells located inbetween tubules secrete testosterone promote sperm maturation
42
spermatozoa head
nuclear material | acrosome
43
acrosome
releases enzyme hyaluronidase and proteinases to facilitate ovum penetration
44
spermatozoa midpiece
contains many mitochondria to provide energy
45
spermatozoa tail
flagellum that propels sperm | contains microtubules
46
perfect sperm shape
oval head and long tail
47
testes
contain 1-4 seminiferous lobules surrounded by 5 layers of smooth muscle like myoid cells
48
scrotum
supporting muscles help regulate temperature | dartos and cremaster
49
dartos muscle
skinned | smooth
50
cremaster muscle
suspender | skeletal
51
Epididymis
sperm storage until ejaculation highly coiled site of maturation and learning to swim
52
surface area of epididymis
allows absorption of testicular fluid to feed sperm
53
inguinal hernia
more common in males | due to width of inguinal canal to allow spermatic cord
54
urethra
terminal portion of the male duct system | transports both urine and semen
55
ABP
prompts spermatogenic cells to bind to testosterone which triggers spermatogenesis
56
seminal glands
joins with vas deferens | secretes alkaline fluid, fructose fluid and hormones to increase sperm motility
57
prostate gland
doughnut shaped | encircles urethra
58
prostate fluid
activates sperm milky slightly acidic contains prostate specific antigen
59
bulbo urethral gland
pea sized produced thick clear mucus for lubrication of urethra and glans penis neutralisation of acidic urine left in urethra
60
semen
milky white sticky mixture contains sperm, testicular fluid and accessory gland secretions neutralises acid environment
61
penis
copulatory organ of male delivers sperm to female reproductive tract excitation leads to erection or ejaculation
62
erection
leads to parasympathetic relex releasing local nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscle and dilates arterioles of penis leads to engorgement opens urethra ready for ejaculation
63
ejaculation
propulsion of semen from male duct system under sympathetic control triggered by critical levels of erection provocation bladder sphincter constricts
64
primary spermatocyte
daugther cell becomes physically separated from spermatogonia and bloodstream and enters meiosis
65
blood testis barrier
barrier between spermatogonia and developing sperm cells | prevents immunological responses to genetically foreign cells
66
secondary spermatocytes
product of first meiotic division
67
spermatids
product of secondary meiotic division | small round haploid cells without sperm characteristics
68
spermatozoa
developing spermatids leaving the epithelium of seminiferous tubules
69
hormonal regulation
hypothalamus releases GnRh which acts of anterior pituitary anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH seminiferous tubules produce inhibin inhibin and testosterone inhibit production of gnRH, LH and FSH via negative feedback
70
LH
controls production of testosterone by leydig cells
71
FSH
controls spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules | stimulates release of ABP
72
ABP
prompts spermatogenic cells to bind to testosterone

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