Module 11 - Nervous System Flashcards by Misse Marin

The receptors of the nervous system are _________, receiving many types of sensations.

Sensory receptors

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The _________ of the central nervous system is the brain.

Control center

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Pathways into the central nervous system are called ________.

Afferent

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Pathways out of the central nervous system are called ________.

Efferent

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________ information is received in the internal or external environment and, through a process called transduction, is converted to a form the nervous system can use.

Sensory

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of:

Cranial nerves III-XII
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Enteric plexuses
Sensory receptors

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The ________ comprises those effectors which are not under conscious control.

Autonomic motor system (ANS)

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The central nervous system is comprised of:

The brain

The spinal cord

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A ________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.

Ganglion

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A _______ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.

Nucleus

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The walls of digestive organs have a network of neurons in an arrangement called a ________.

Plexus

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________ are the cells that receive, process and transmit information in a point to point fashion in the nervous system.

Neurons

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________ maintain the structural and chemical environment of the brain, and function in ways we probably don’t fully appreciate.

Glial cells

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What are the four types of glial cells?

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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_______ form the borders of the CNS.

HINT: forms the pia mater, A thin membrane covering the brain

HINT: with endothelial cells of capillaries, form blood brain barrier which keeps certain substances out of CNS

HINT: “Sponge up” excess ions and toxins

Astrocytes

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_________ forms myelin sheaths which insulate nerve axons that must send information over long distances.

Oligodendrocytes

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_______ are the brains equivalent of macrophages.

HINT: immune defense

Microglia

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________, along with the border – forming astrocytes, make up a single layer of border cells lining the ventricles.

HINT: make cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

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What are the 2 types of glial cells?

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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________ in the PNS perform the same basic functions as astrocytes in the CNS: maintenance of a favorable chemical environment and mechanical/structural support. Mostly found in ganglia, collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.

Satellite cells

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_________ are found in the PNS in place of the oligodendrocytes of the CNS.

Schwann cells

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A bundle of axons all traveling together in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Nerve

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A bundle of axons all traveling together in the central nervous system (CNS).

Tract

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___________: all atoms want to move from high concentration to low concentration.

Concentration forces

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__________: positive ions want to be where there are excess negative charges. Negative ions want to be where there are excess positive charges.

Electrical forces

The __________ is the voltage at which the chemical and electrical forces are equal and opposite.

Equilibrium potential

The _________ of a neuron is maintained by leak channels.

Resting potential

The _________ is used to send information over long distances through axons

Action potential

The _________ results from the opening and closing of voltage gated channels.

Action potential

What are the steps in the action potential?

1. Resting potential 2. Threshold 3. Depolarization 4. Peak 5. Repolarization 6. After hyperpolarization 7. Return to resting potential

Action potential begins at the __________.

Trigger zone

A _______ is where neurons send information to other neurons or to an effector cell.

Synapse

When ________ binds to its receptor, the receptor changes shape and opens a pore.

Ligand

________ are gated channels that randomly open and close

Leakage channels

_________ are gated channels that open in response to the binding of a ligand (chemical) stimulus.

Ligand-gated channels

_________ are gated channels that open in response to mechanical stimulus.

Mechanically gated channels

___________ are gated channels that open in response to a voltage stimulus (change in membrane potential).

Voltage gated channels

Receptors for chemicals like neurotransmitters or drugs

Logan's-gated channels

Essential for action potentials or synapses.

Voltage gated channels

________ is defined as any change in the neuron which makes it more difficult to reach threshold.

Inhibition

________ neurotransmitter receptors cause a change in the ionic environment of the neuron.

Ionotropic

___________ neurotransmitter receptors cause a change in the biochemical environment of the neuron.

Metabotropic

Inputs such as pH of blood, body temperature, blood Ca++ levels, and outputs like increased heart rate, increased salivation, contraction of skeletal muscles etc. are all monitored by the _________ System.

Nervous

In the nervous system feedback loop, the light-sensitive cells of the retina in the eye would be an example of a __________ in the nervous system.

Receptor (sensory)

In the nervous system feedback loop, the tissue/organ that carries out a desired function is called a/an __________.

Effector (motor)

In the nervous system feedback loop, the spinal cord, medulla, pons, and midbrain are a few of the structures of the nervous system that are part of the _________ __________.

Control center

Because they bring information to the CNS, sensory pathways are _________.

Afferent

Because they take information from the CNS, motor pathways are ___________.

Efferent

The motor division of the somatic nervous system controls contraction of ________ ________.

Skeletal muscles

The motor division of the _________ nervous system controls glandular secretions and smooth muscle contraction.

Autonomic

Leakage channels have the same probability of being open (or closed), regardless of whether the neuron is generating an ________ _________.

Action potential

The parasympathetic and sympathetic are subdivisions of the _________ nervous system.

Autonomic

The brain and spinal cord are organs of the _______ ________ ________.

Central nervous system

A ________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

Ganglion

A ________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system.

Nucleus

__________ are the cells of the nervous system that receives, process, and send information.

Neurons

Ependymal cells are a type of ________ in the CNS.

Glia cell

Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system form __________.

Myelinated sheaths

Astrocytes in the central nervous system are analogous to ________ cells in the peripheral nervous system.

Satellite

Tracts are bundles of axons found in the _________ _________ System.

Central nervous

Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system are called __________.

Nerves

Voltage gated channels propagate _________ _______ along axons.

Action potentials

A ___________ triggers a small positive voltage change in a sensory neuron.

Stimulus

Depolarization of a neuron occurs when ________ channels open.

Sodium

The repolarizing phase is when the membrane voltage falls to a negative value, close to the equilibrium potential of ________.

Potassium

When the membrane potential goes below the average resting potential, _________ has occurred.

Hyperpolarization

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in a postsynaptic membrane causes the cell to become more _________.

Negative

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in a postsynaptic membrane causes the cell to become more ________.

Positive

Ligand-gated channels would be expected to predominate neuronal ___________.

Dendrites and cell bodies

Voltage gated channels would be expected to predominate in neuronal _________.

Axons

Ligand-gates channels are generally affected by _______ and __________.

Drugs; neurotransmitters

What is the major role of the glial cells?

Structure and nutrition of the brain

Voltage gated channels are proteins that change _________ during the action potential.

Shape

Alpha motor neurons control contraction of ________ _________ in the somatic nervous system.

Skeletal muscles

When potassium channels are open in the intracellular membrane potential would be more ________.

Negative

When the sodium channels are open in the intracellular membrane potential would be more _________.

Positive

Hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membrane is the result of an ________.

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

Depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane is the result of an _______.

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

Spatial summation is described as many EPSPs or IPSPs arriving at a similar _________.

Location

Temporal summation describes many EPSPs or IPSPs arriving at a similar ________.

Time

Opening of ligand-gated sodium channels would result in the generation of a ___________.

EPSP

Opening of ligand-gated potassium channels would result in the generation of a ________.

IPSP

Graded potential's (IPSPs and EPSPs) will travel _______ distances.

Short

Typical characteristics of graded potentials (IPSPs and EPSPs) would include:

1. Occur in dendrites and cell bodies 2. Ligand or mechanically gated channels 3. Longer duration 4. Shorter distance 5. Usually occurs summation

Typical characteristics of action potentials would include:

1. Occur at trigger zone in a long axons 2. Sodium/potassium voltage gated channels 3. Longer distances 4. Shorter duration 5. Occurs without summation (all or nothing)

Neurotransmitters such as aspartate and glutamate are _______ amino acids.

Unmodified

Neurotransmitters such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and serotonin are ________ amino acids.

Modified

Structurally, substance P is a __________.

Polypeptide neurotransmitter

At normal body temperature, nitric oxide (NO) is a ___________.

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) functions to promote the flight or fight response and will _______ blood pressure.

Raise

Dopamine is a biogenic amine that will facilitate coordinated/smooth _________.

Movements

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a biogenic amine that regulates ________.

Mood

Acetylcholine is most often an ________ neurotransmitter.

Excitatory

Acetylcholine is an __________ neurotransmitter when potassium channels of the postsynaptic cell open.

Inhibitory

Ionotropic receptors are those that ________ and ________ channels.

Open; close

Metabotropic receptors change the _________ of a neuron.

Biochemical environment