Module 6.1 - Classical Conditioning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of expreience

Question 2

what are the 2 types of learning?

Answer 2

cognitive and associative

Question 3

ivan pavlov

Answer 3

physiologist who won a Nobel Prize for his research on digestion

Question 4

psychological reflex

Answer 4

the sight of food producing salivation

Question 5

what response did pavlov call psychic secretion?

Answer 5

the dogs sight of food produced salivation

Question 6

classical conditioning

Answer 6

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus

Question 7

another name for classical conditioning?

Answer 7

pavlovian conditioning

Question 8

what are the 5 element of classical conditioning?

Answer 8

1) unconditioned stimulus (US)
2) unconditioned response (UR)
3) Neutral Stimulus
4) Conditioned stimulus (CS)
5) Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 9

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

Question 10

unconditioned response

Answer 10

a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

give 3 examples of unconditioned responses

Answer 11

salivation, flinching, blinking

Question 12

neutral stimulus

Answer 12

a stimulus that does not normally elicit a reflexive response

Question 13

conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

conditioned response

Answer 14

the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

Question 15

the conditioned stimulus must elicit a conditioned response in the absence of the __________ (e.g., food) for the conditioning to have occurred

Answer 15

unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

true or false: during conditioning, weak synapses fire at the same time as related strong synapses

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what does the simultaneous activity of the weak and strong synapses do?

Answer 17

strengthens the connections in the weaker synapse

Question 18

what is the US, UR, NS, CS, and CR for: The TV commercial for mega burger shows a big delicious cheeseburger. a 50’s rock and roll song is played during the commercial. you see the commercial several times, and now when the song is playing on the radio, you get hungry

Answer 18

unconditioned stimulus: cheeseburger

unconditioned response: hunger

neutral stimulus: song

conditioned stimulus: song

conditioned response: hunger

Question 19

what is the initial phase of learning in which a response is established (e.g., salivating in response to a tone)

Answer 19

Acquisition

Question 20

conditioned ______ helps predict that the unconditioned stimulus will appear

Answer 20

conditioned stimulus

Question 21

what will be acquired more quickly when the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 21

the conditioned response

Question 22

what makes acquisition stronger?

Answer 22

if the CS and US are consistently present close together in time

Question 23

what are the 2 stages of conditioning?

Answer 23

1) extinction

2) spontaneous recovery

Question 24

extinction

Answer 24

the loss or weakening of a CR when a CS and US no longer occur together

Question 25

what is an example of extinction?

Answer 25

if the tone is no longer a reliable predictor of food, then salivation becomes unnecessary

Question 26

spontaneous recovery

Answer 26

the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction

Question 27

what are the 2 processes of conditioning?

Answer 27

1) stimulus generalization | 2) stimulus discrimination

Question 28

stimulus generalization

Answer 28

a process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to different, though similar, stimuli

Question 29

stimulus discrimination

Answer 29

when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

Question 30

when does stimulus discrimination often occur?

Answer 30

when similar stimuli are NOT paired with US

Question 31

phobia

Answer 31

when fear of an object or situation becomes irrational and interferes with normal activities

Question 32

true or false: all phobias occur naturally

Answer 32

FALSE: some phobias occur naturally (possibly due to genetics); however, many fears are learned through experience

Question 33

little albert

Answer 33

infant with no fear of animals, however, when researcher made a loud noise (UCS) behind his head, he would jump (UCR).

Question 34

who paired the loud noise (US) with the appearance of the animal (CS)? (little albert)

Answer 34

john watson and rosalie rayner

Question 35

conditioned emotional responses

Answer 35

emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

Question 36

preparedness

Answer 36

the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

Question 37

the _____ is involved in fear conditioning

Answer 37

amygdala

Question 38

contextual fear conditioning

Answer 38

learning to fear a location (e.g., cage where a shock occurred)

Question 39

contextual fear conditioning involves the ______

Answer 39

hippocampus

Question 40

conditioned taste aversions

Answer 40

an acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness

Question 41

true or false: there is a decreased reward response in the brain with conditioned taste aversions

Answer 41

true

Question 42

what were the 2 types of tubes that rats were presented to sip water from?

Answer 42

1) associated with lights and sound | 2) associated with a flavour

Question 43

what were the rats injected with to make them sick (US)?

Answer 43

lithium chloride

Question 44

which association of tube for water would the rats show a larger learned aversion for?

Answer 44

water tube associated with flavour

Question 45

garcia effect

Answer 45

taste produces stronger aversive conditioning than sights and sounds - a single exposure is often enough

Question 46

latent inhibition

Answer 46

when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

Question 47

the paradox of diet beverages

Answer 47

our bodies associate sweet tastes with an impending intake of calories. diet beverages trigger our sweet, but don't deliver the calories so or bodies respond by sending out a hunger message

Question 48

drug paraphernalia and settings serve as a ________ for the 'high' of a drug (CR)

Answer 48

conditioned stimulus

Question 49

conditioned drug tolerance

Answer 49

physiological responses preparing our body for the drug to start to occur prior to the intake of the drug

Question 50

in humans, ________ can sometimes become associated with sexual responses (UR), which in turn can lead to fetishes

Answer 50

neutral stimuli (e.g., boots)

Question 51

what are advertising techniques based on?

Answer 51

classical conditioning

Question 52

evaluative conditioning

Answer 52

pairing motional stimuli (e.g., attractive people) with a target in order to influence peoples perceptions and attitudes toward that target

Question 53

what 4 things do attack ads usually involve?

Answer 53

1) black and white, grainy images that are frustrating to look at 2) images that allow you to judge/mock the target 3) images of the politician making an angry face 4) an angry narrator whose voice elicits autonomic responses