Motivation export Flashcards
(38 cards)
What is the definition of motivation according to Bong, Reeve, & Kim (2023)?
Motivation is a goal-directed process that moves the person towards a desired state.
What are the stages of motivation?
Getting motivated, planning, task/goal selection, goal pursuit, task initiation, task completion, and outcome/feedback.
Which brain circuits are involved in effort allocation?
Corticostriatal loop (VTA-ACC-NAcc), supplementary motor regions (pre-SMA, SMA), anterior cingulate, nucleus accumbens, and dopaminergic midbrain (VTA).
What happens when the ACC is damaged?
Leads to reduced willingness to exert effort and can result in akinetic mutism or a lack of ‘energization’.
How does dopamine affect motivation?
Dopamine compensates for the costs of effort, making effortful tasks more worthwhile; depletion leads to reduced motivation.
What influences the decision of how much effort to invest?
Expected costs (effort), expected outcomes, efficacy of effort, and intrinsic value of effort.
What is boredom in the context of motivation?
A signal that a task may not be worthwhile, often due to low reward, meaningfulness, or attention engagement.
How does fatigue affect motivation?
Signals a mismatch between resources and task demands; influenced by effort duration and can recover at different timescales.
How does failure influence motivation?
Can lead to reassessment and strategy change; response is influenced by perceived control and mindset.
What is choice conflict and how does it impact motivation?
Difficulty choosing among similarly valuable or valueless options, leading to avoidance or procrastination.
How do delays affect motivation?
Delays increase procrastination; motivation peaks at task start and near deadlines (‘stuck in the middle’ effect).
What are intrinsic rewards?
Rewards derived from the activity itself, like enjoyment, achievement, and curiosity.
What is the definition of motivation according to Bong, Reeve, & Kim (2023)?
Motivation is a goal-directed process that moves the person towards a desired state.
What does the Expected Value of Control model describe?
It describes how mental effort is allocated based on a cost-benefit analysis.
What are the stages of motivation?
Getting motivated, planning, task/goal selection, goal pursuit, task initiation, task completion, and outcome/feedback.
What are two critical phases in motivation according to the model?
Getting motivated and staying motivated.
Which brain areas are involved in effort allocation?
Anterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, VTA, pre-SMA, and SMA.
What does the corticostriatal loop consist of in the context of motivation?
It includes the VTA, ACC, and nucleus accumbens.
Are there separate brain circuits for mental and physical effort?
Yes, there are distinct circuits for execution, but common circuits for evaluation (e.g., ventral striatum).
What happens to effort-related decisions when the ACC is lesioned?
Animals with ACC lesions are less willing to exert effort and show steeper effort discounting.
What is akinetic mutism and how is it related to motivation?
It is a lack of voluntary movement or speech due to a lack of motivation, often linked to ACC or frontal damage.
What is a reported effect of stimulating the ACC?
It increases motivational drive, described as a ‘push harder’ feeling.
How does dopamine affect effort discounting?
Higher dopamine levels reduce effort discounting, making effort seem more worthwhile.
