Lecture 17 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the different paths from stimulus to response?
Reflex, habit, Pavlovian, deliberative (goal-directed), and rule-driven.
What are the six key components of learning and evaluation in decision-making?
1) Different inputs into a decision, 2) Acquiring value, 3) Assessing value, 4) Discounting value, 5) Integrating attribute values, 6) The value of things unknown.
What are the two main types of inputs into decision-making?
Perceptual (sensory-based) and value-based (preference-based).
What brain region supports perceptual decision-making?
Sensory-specific regions like MT; stronger activity reflects stronger information.
How do we acquire value through learning?
By anticipating value, experiencing an outcome, and updating expectations based on prediction error.
What is the prediction error formula for updating expected value?
FutureValue = CurrentPrediction + (RewardReceived - RewardExpected).
What role does dopamine play in value learning?
Midbrain (VTA) dopamine neurons signal predicted reward and prediction errors based on likelihood and timing.
How does prediction error magnitude vary with reward likelihood?
Low likelihood yields large prediction errors if reward occurs; high likelihood yields small errors.
What brain region receives dopamine signals and encodes expected reward and prediction errors?
The striatum.
What is the difference between stimulus value and action value learning?
Stimulus value is Pavlovian; action value is instrumental and linked to habit formation.
Which parts of the striatum are associated with stimulus and action value?
Ventral striatum for stimulus value; dorsal striatum for action value.
What brain areas track subjective value during decision-making?
Ventral medial PFC (vmPFC) and ventral striatum (vStr).
What types of rewards are tracked in vmPFC and vStr?
Primary (e.g., food), secondary (e.g., money), and social rewards.
What is the role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in value processing?
It encodes specific stimulus features; vmPFC integrates these features into subjective value.
How can vmPFC and vStr activity predict behavior?
They can signal value even when not directly relevant to the task and predict future choices.
What is neuroforecasting?
Using vmPFC/vStr activity to predict real-world outcomes like crowdfunding success, beyond self-reports.
What is diminishing marginal utility?
Each additional unit of gain (e.g., money) yields less added satisfaction.
How do people respond differently to gains vs. losses?
Losses are weighted about twice as heavily as gains (loss aversion).
How does framing affect decision-making?
The same outcomes framed as gains or losses can lead to different choices.
What brain regions are implicated in gain/loss evaluation?
vmPFC and ventral striatum for both; additional regions for loss processing.
