Lecture 16 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the focus of Cognitive Control III?
It explores how control is directed, focusing on monitoring and adjustment processes.
What are the main topics covered in Cognitive Control III?
1) Models of control, 2) Monitoring/adaptation (feedback, errors, conflict, surprise), 3) Levels of adaptation.
How does cognitive control function according to modern models?
It modifies existing processes, not creates new ones; depends on context and goals.
What does the Stroop task illustrate about cognitive control?
It shows how conflict between automatic and controlled processes impacts performance and requires control.
How does working memory influence Stroop performance?
Maintaining task goals in working memory biases attention toward task-relevant features (e.g., ink color).
What is asymmetric interference in Stroop tasks?
Incongruency affects performance more when the task is less automatic, showing interaction between control and habit.
What brain region is commonly linked to monitoring in cognitive control?
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), also called anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC).
What is feedback-related negativity (FRN)?
A neural response ~270ms after negative feedback, signaling outcome worse than expected.
What is error-related negativity (ERN)?
A signal ~100ms after a mistake, reflecting error detection before feedback, source localized to rostral ACC.
How does ERN amplitude vary?
It increases with error magnitude and when accuracy is emphasized over speed.
What is the error positivity (Pe)?
A later signal following ERN, linked to awareness of errors and confidence evaluation.
What behavioral changes follow errors?
Increased caution and attention, leading to slower but more accurate responses.
How does the ACC support adaptation after errors?
Through interactions with motor (e.g., M1) and perceptual (e.g., V4) regions, adjusting future responses.
What does brain stimulation show about ACC’s role in error processing?
tDCS can increase or decrease ERN and post-error behavioral changes depending on stimulation type.
What is the conflict-monitoring theory?
The ACC monitors response conflict and increases control when conflict is detected.
What neural evidence supports conflict monitoring?
dACC activation in fMRI, EEG (N2), and single-unit studies during conflict tasks.
What is conflict adaptation?
Improved performance on an incongruent trial when it follows another incongruent trial (iI > cI).
What brain interaction supports conflict adaptation?
ACC-LPFC interactions across trials that increase control and reduce future conflict.
What is the effect of ACC lesions on conflict adaptation?
Lesions reduce adaptation, but findings are mixed and still debated.
How is surprise involved in control?
Surprising outcomes activate FRN and ACC, signaling a need to adjust behavior even without explicit feedback.
What is proactive control?
Allocating control in advance based on expected demands or incentives, rather than reacting to events.
How does expected reward or demand affect control?
Higher expected reward or conflict leads to stronger proactive control and better performance.
How is the PFC hierarchically organized?
Anterior PFC supports abstract goals; posterior PFC supports concrete actions.
What is the proposed hierarchy of monitoring signals?
ACC/mPFC monitoring may align with LPFC’s control hierarchy: rostral for abstract, caudal for concrete tasks.
