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Medical terminology > MT CH10 KT Cardio Vascular Disorders > Flashcards

MT CH10 KT Cardio Vascular Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst

Aneurysms can lead to serious complications, including rupture and internal bleeding.

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2
Q

Define angina pectoris.

A

A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart

Angina is often a symptom of coronary artery disease.

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3
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia

Arrhythmias can range from harmless to life-threatening.

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4
Q

What does arteriosclerosis refer to?

A

Hardening (sclerosis) of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits, deposit of calcium salts, or scar tissue formation

This condition can lead to increased blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.

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5
Q

Define atherosclerosis.

A

The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall; the most common form of arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of heart attacks and strokes.

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6
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm

Bradycardia can be normal in athletes but may require treatment if symptomatic.

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7
Q

What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

A

Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow; causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke

Stroke can lead to long-term disabilities and requires immediate medical attention.

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8
Q

What is the term for the enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of soft tissue around the nails?

A

Clubbing

Seen in various diseases with poor peripheral circulation.

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9
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Localized narrowing of the aorta with restriction of blood flow

Refer to relevant figures for visual representation.

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10
Q

What does C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate?

A

Protein produced during systemic inflammation; high levels indicate cardiovascular disease prognosis

CRP may contribute to atherosclerosis.

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11
Q

Define cyanosis.

A

Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood

Adjective form is cyanetic.

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12
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins

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13
Q

What does diaphoresis mean?

A

Profuse sweating

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14
Q

What is a dissecting aneurysm?

A

An aneurysm where blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers

Usually involves the aorta.

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15
Q

Define dyslipidemia.

A

Disorder in serum lipid levels; includes hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia

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16
Q

What does dyspnea refer to?

A

Difficult or labored breathing

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17
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling of body tissues caused by excess fluid

Causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition.

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18
Q

What is embolism?

A

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation

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19
Q

Define embolus.

A

A mass carried in the circulation, which may be a blood clot, air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter

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20
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers

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21
Q

What does heart block refer to?

A

An interference in the electrical conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia

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22
Q

What is heart failure?

A

A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation

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23
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

A varicose vein in the rectum

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24
Q

Define hypertension.

A

A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure; essential hypertension has no known cause

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25
What is an infarct?
An area of localized tissue necrosis resulting from blockage or narrowing of the artery supplying the area
26
What does ischemia refer to?
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by circulatory obstruction
27
What is a heart murmur?
An abnormal heart sound
28
What is myocardial infarction?
Localized necrosis of cardiac muscle tissue due to blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery ## Footnote Usually caused by the formation of a thrombus.
29
What is the term for the enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of soft tissue around the nails?
Clubbing ## Footnote Seen in various diseases with poor peripheral circulation.
30
What is coarctation of the aorta?
Localized narrowing of the aorta with restriction of blood flow ## Footnote Refer to relevant figures for visual representation.
31
What does C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate?
Protein produced during systemic inflammation; high levels indicate cardiovascular disease prognosis ## Footnote CRP may contribute to atherosclerosis.
32
Define cyanosis.
Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood ## Footnote Adjective form is cyanetic.
33
What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins
34
What does diaphoresis mean?
Profuse sweating
35
What is a dissecting aneurysm?
An aneurysm where blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers ## Footnote Usually involves the aorta.
36
Define dyslipidemia.
Disorder in serum lipid levels; includes hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia
37
What does dyspnea refer to?
Difficult or labored breathing
38
What is edema?
Swelling of body tissues caused by excess fluid ## Footnote Causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition.
39
What is embolism?
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation
40
Define embolus.
A mass carried in the circulation, which may be a blood clot, air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter
41
What is fibrillation?
Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers
42
What does heart block refer to?
An interference in the electrical conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia
43
What is heart failure?
A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation
44
What are hemorrhoids?
A varicose vein in the rectum
45
Define hypertension.
A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure; essential hypertension has no known cause
46
What is an infarct?
An area of localized tissue necrosis resulting from blockage or narrowing of the artery supplying the area
47
What does ischemia refer to?
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by circulatory obstruction
48
What is a heart murmur?
An abnormal heart sound
49
What is myocardial infarction?
Localized necrosis of cardiac muscle tissue due to blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery ## Footnote Usually caused by the formation of a thrombus.
50
What is the definition of occlusion?
A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel ## Footnote Occlusion can refer to any blockage within a vessel, impacting blood flow.
51
What does patent ductus arteriosus refer to?
Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth; the vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs ## Footnote This condition can lead to complications if left untreated.
52
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein ## Footnote Phlebitis can be caused by injury, infection, or blood clots.
53
Define plaque in the context of the cardiovascular system.
A deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel ## Footnote Atheromatous plaque is a specific type that contributes to atherosclerosis.
54
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of Streptococcus; antibodies produced in response cause valvular scarring ## Footnote Typically involves the mitral valve and can lead to serious complications.
55
What is a septal defect?
An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles ## Footnote A common cause is the persistence of the foramen ovale.
56
What is shock in medical terms?
Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate blood supply to the tissues ## Footnote Types include cardiogenic, hypovolemic, and septic shock.
57
What does stenosis mean?
Constriction or narrowing of an opening ## Footnote Can occur in various parts of the body, including blood vessels and heart valves.
58
What is syncope?
A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain ## Footnote Often referred to as fainting.
59
Define tachycardia.
An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm ## Footnote Can be caused by various factors including stress, exercise, or medical conditions.
60
What is thrombophlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot ## Footnote Often occurs in the legs and can lead to serious complications.
61
Explain thrombosis.
Development of a blood clot within a vessel ## Footnote This can obstruct blood flow and lead to serious health issues.
62
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel ## Footnote The root for this term is thromb/o.
63
What is a varicose vein?
A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel ## Footnote Also called varix or varicosity.
64
What does cardiac ablation involve?
Removal or destruction of a portion of the heart's conduction pathway to correct an arrhythmia ## Footnote This is typically done using a catheter.
65
What is angioplasty?
A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow ## Footnote Commonly involves removing plaque or using a balloon to expand the vessel.
66
What is an artificial pacemaker?
A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the heart ## Footnote Can be external or implanted and may respond to the body's needs.
67
What does CPR stand for?
cardiopulmonary resuscitation ## Footnote Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage.
68
Define cardioversion
Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm; may be accomplished pharmacologically or by application of electric current ## Footnote This is often used in conjunction with defibrillation.
69
What is coronary angiography?
Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye ## Footnote This is done by means of a catheter threaded through blood vessels into the heart.
70
What does CABG stand for?
coronary artery bypass graft ## Footnote Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery.
71
What is a coronary calcium scan used for?
Method for visualizing vessel-narrowing calcium deposits in coronary arteries ## Footnote Useful for diagnosing coronary artery disease in moderate-risk individuals or those with undiagnosed chest pain.
72
What does CK-MB stand for?
creatine kinase MB ## Footnote Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI).
73
What is CT angiography (CTA)?
Computed tomography scan used to visualize vessels in the heart and other organs ## Footnote Requires a small amount of dye injected into the arm.
74
Define defibrillation
Use of an electronic device to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart ## Footnote The shock can be delivered externally or directly into the heart.
75
What is echocardiography?
A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures ## Footnote This technique helps assess heart function and structure.
76
What is a lipoprotein?
A compound of protein with lipid ## Footnote Classified according to density as VLDL, LDL, and HDL.
77
Fill in the blank: The process of dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter is known as _______.
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
78
What is a stent?
A small metal device placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open ## Footnote Often used after balloon angioplasty.
79
What is a stress test?
Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise ## Footnote A thallium stress test uses a radioactive isotope to trace blood flow.
80
What is troponin (Tn)?
A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction ## Footnote Increased serum levels indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI).

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