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MY CH7 neurological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Alzheimer disease (AD)?

A

A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

What is amyloid?

A

A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases

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3
Q

Define aneurysm.

A

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall

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4
Q

What does aphasia refer to?

A

Loss or defect in speech communication, affecting the ability to understand or produce speech

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5
Q

What is astrocytoma?

A

A neuroglial tumor composed of astrocytes

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6
Q

What is a cerebral contusion?

A

A bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: A form of dementia caused by _______ of the cerebral cortex.

A

[atrophy]

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8
Q

True or False: Amyloid is a protein that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer disease.

A

True

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9
Q

What may happen if an aneurysm bursts?

A

It may result in serious complications, including hemorrhage

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Aphasia may affect the ability to understand speech (receptive aphasia) or the ability to _______ speech (expressive aphasia).

A

[produce]

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11
Q

What type of tumor is an astrocytoma?

A

A neuroglial tumor

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: A cerebral contusion is caused by a _______ to the head.

A

[blow]

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13
Q

What is the definition of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

A

Damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; commonly called stroke.

Possible causes include atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm.

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14
Q

Define coma.

A

State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused.

A serious medical condition requiring immediate attention.

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15
Q

What is a concussion?

A

Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; usually results in loss of consciousness.

Commonly seen in sports-related injuries.

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16
Q

What does confusion refer to in a medical context?

A

State of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli.

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17
Q

Explain contrecoup injury.

A

Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain hitting the skull.

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18
Q

What is a convulsion?

A

A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions.

Includes tonic convulsions (prolonged muscle contraction) and clonic convulsions (alternation of contraction and relaxation).

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19
Q

Define dementia.

A

A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function.

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20
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material carried in the circulation.

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21
Q

What does encephalitis mean?

A

Inflammation of the brain.

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22
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

Accumulation of blood in the epidural space (between the dura mater and the skull).

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23
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures.

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24
Q

Define glioma.

A

A tumor of neuroglial cells.

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25
What is hemiparesis?
Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body.
26
What does hemiplegia refer to?
Paralysis of one side of the body.
27
What is hydrocephalus?
Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain due to obstructed flow.
28
Define insomnia.
Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep.
29
What is a meningioma?
Tumor of the meninges.
30
What does meningitis mean?
Inflammation of the meninges.
31
What is multiple infarct dementia (MID)?
Dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia due to multiple small strokes, leading to progressive loss of cognitive function.
32
Define multiple sclerosis (MS).
A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS.
33
What is narcolepsy?
Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day.
34
What is a neurilemmoma?
A tumor of a peripheral nerve sheath (neurilemma); also known as schwannoma.
35
What is the definition of paralysis?
Loss of the ability to move one or more muscles ## Footnote Paralysis can be complete or partial and can affect any part of the body.
36
Define parkinsonism.
A condition characterized by tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, often referred to as Parkinson disease ## Footnote It results from degeneration of the basal ganglia.
37
What is a seizure?
A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain ## Footnote Seizures can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and consciousness.
38
What does shingles refer to?
A viral infection that causes a painful rash, caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus ## Footnote Shingles is also known as herpes zoster.
39
What is sleep apnea?
A sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep ## Footnote It can lead to poor sleep quality and various health issues.
40
Define stroke.
Sudden interference with blood flow in the brain, leading to oxygen deprivation ## Footnote Types include ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.
41
What is a subdural hematoma?
Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater ## Footnote It often results from head injury.
42
What is thrombosis?
Development of a blood clot within a vessel ## Footnote It can lead to serious conditions like stroke or heart attack.
43
What is a tremor?
A shaking or involuntary movement ## Footnote Tremors can occur at rest or during movement.
44
What is carotid endarterectomy?
Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery ## Footnote It is performed to reduce the risk of stroke.
45
Define cerebral angiography.
Radiographic study of the brain's blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium ## Footnote It helps in diagnosing vascular diseases in the brain.
46
What is electroencephalography (EEG)?
Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain's electric activity ## Footnote EEG is used to diagnose conditions like epilepsy and sleep disorders.
47
What is L-dopa?
A drug used in the treatment of parkinsonism ## Footnote It helps increase dopamine levels in the brain.
48
Define lumbar puncture.
Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region to remove spinal fluid ## Footnote It is also known as a spinal tap.
49
What is polysomnography?
Simultaneous monitoring of various physiologic functions during sleep ## Footnote It is used to diagnose sleep disorders.
50
What is anxiety?
A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread ## Footnote It can be a normal reaction to stress or a disorder.
51
What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A condition characterized by attention problems, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior ## Footnote ADHD begins in childhood and can continue into adulthood.
52
Define autism.
A disorder characterized by self-absorption and lack of response to social contact ## Footnote Autism is part of a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders.
53
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
A range of neurodevelopmental impairments affecting social interactions and communication skills ## Footnote Symptoms can vary widely in severity.
54
What is bipolar disorder?
A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness ## Footnote Manic episodes can include agitation, hyperexcitability, or hyperactivity.
55
Define delusion.
A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience ## Footnote Delusions can manifest in various forms, including paranoid delusions.
56
What characterizes depression?
A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities ## Footnote Depression can significantly affect daily functioning.
57
What is dysthymia?
A mild form of depression that usually develops in response to a serious life event ## Footnote The term comes from the Greek thymos, meaning 'mind, emotion.'
58
What is a hallucination?
A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli ## Footnote Hallucinations can occur in various sensory modalities, including auditory and visual.
59
Define mania.
A state of elation which may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or hyperactivity ## Footnote The adjective form is 'manic.'
60
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety ## Footnote These compulsions are often recognized by the individual as excessive.
61
What is panic disorder?
A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear ## Footnote Panic attacks can lead to significant avoidance behaviors.
62
Define paranoia.
A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat ## Footnote Paranoia can significantly impair social functioning.
63
What is a phobia?
An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation ## Footnote Phobias can lead to avoidance behavior that disrupts daily life.
64
What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening, catastrophic events ## Footnote Symptoms can include flashbacks, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
65
What is psychosis?
A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior ## Footnote 'Schizo' means 'split,' and 'phrenio' means 'mind.'
66
What is schizophrenia?
A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior ## Footnote Schizophrenia can severely affect the individual's ability to function.

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