Body Logistics > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What can left ventricle failure result in? How?

A

Pulmonary oedema

Blood accumulation in pulmonary veins, increased blood pressure in these vessels, fluid pushed into the alveoli

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2
Q

What is left ventricle hypertrophy usually in response to?

A

In response to high blood pressure or another condition where the heart has to work harder

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3
Q

Which test can be used to treat for heart failure?

A

BNP test

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4
Q

What does BNP stand for? Are there increased or decreased levels when heart is working hard (failing)?

A

Brain natriuretic peptide

Increased levels

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5
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

The increase in size of muscle fibres in response to increased muscle work

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6
Q

What is muscle atrophy? What can cause it?

A

The reduction in size of muscle fibres

Muscle inactivity, malnutrition etc.

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7
Q

What are three indicators of muscle injury in the body? In which parts of the body are they found?

A

Creatine kinase (all muscle/brain)
Myoglobinuria (skeletal muscle)
Troponin (cardiac muscle)

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of using creatine kinase as an indicator for myocardial infarction?

A

Levels can increase after intense exercise, or a fall etc. - so replaced by troponin

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9
Q

Is the quantity of troponin or creatine kinase measured proportional to the degree of damage of the muscle?

A

Yes - creatine kinase

No - troponin

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10
Q

Troponin will be found in increased levels during which type of scan? When should troponin levels be measured to test for muscle injury?

A

MRI

Within 20 hours

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11
Q

What does myalgia mean?
What does myasthenia mean?
What does myoclonus mean?

A

Muscle pain
Muscle weakness
Sudden spasm of the muscles

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12
Q

What does sarcolemma mean?
What does sarcoplasmic reticulum mean?
What does sarcoplasm mean?

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle cell
SER of a muscle cell
Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

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14
Q

Muscle can be grouped into which 2 categories? Which muscle types are in which categories?

A

Striated (cardiac, skeletal)

Non-striated (smooth)

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15
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A

Long parallel cylinders for forceful contraction

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibres ________ in their diameter

A

Differ

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17
Q

What are the different types of skeletal muscle fibre? Order them by diameter.

A

Narrow RED fibres
Intermediate fibres
Wide white fibres

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18
Q

What is the difference in vascularisation and myoglobin abundance between white and red muscle fibres?

A

White = poor vascularisation/myoglobin

Red= rich vascularisation/myoglobin

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19
Q

Are there more mitochondria in red or white muscle fibres?

A

More in red fibres

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20
Q

How do red and white muscle fibres contract differently? How do they fatigue?

A

Red = fatigue slowly, slow repetitive contractions

White = fatigue quickly, fast strong contractions

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21
Q

Where are red muscle fibres found in high abundance?

A

Postural muscles of the back

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22
Q

Where are white muscle fibres found in abundance?

A

Finger muscles

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23
Q

Myoglobin is present in which types of muscle?

A

Cardiac and skeletal

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24
Q

What connects skeletal skeletal muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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25
Muscle fibres are grouped into bundles called _______
Fascicles
26
Bundles of fascicles make up the muscle, what surrounds these bundles of fascicles?
A muscle sheath (EPIMYSIUM)
27
What surrounds individual muscle fibres?
Endomysium
28
What surrounds individual fascicles in skeletal muscle?
Perimysium
29
Give an example of a muscle that is not connected to bone but to connective tissue?
Intrinsic muscles in the tongue
30
How can skeletal muscle be recognised on a micrograph?
Multinucleate cells, peripheral nuclei in transverse section
31
What do muscle fibres consist of?
Myofibrils
32
What do myofibrils consist of?
Thin actin filaments | Thick myosin filaments
33
Replacement of contractile proteins in muscle fibres happens every...
2 weeks
34
What are two types of atrophy? Briefly describe each?
Disuse atrophy (through muscle inactivity - decreased contractile proteins - decreased fibre diameter - loss of power) Denervation atrophy - where the nerve to the muscle is cut
35
When does atrophy related to age begin?
30 yrs old
36
What is the cause of hypertrophy?
Increased contractile proteins, increased fibre diameter
37
How can muscle length be adjusted?
Addition (Stretching) or removal (limb in plaster) of sarcomeres
38
The ______ of sarcomeres leads to contraction
Shortening
39
Which filaments make up the A band of a sarcomere? What bands exist within the A band?
Thick myosin filaments | Dark M band, Light H band
40
Which filaments make up the I band of a sarcomere? Which bands exist in the I band?
Thin actin filaments | Dark Z line exists
41
Which is darker in appearance the A band or the I band?
A band
42
What happens in muscle contraction after the action potential travels down t tubules?
Calcium released from the SER Calcium binds to actin filaments Tropomyosin is removed from the active sites of actin Myosin forms cross bridges and pulls actin to the centre of the sarcomere (using ATP) Removal of calcium ions ---> tropomyosin blockage restored
43
What are t tubules?
Extensions of the sarcolemma that pass by every myofibril of a muscle fibre, allowing depolarisation, shortening of sarcomeres and contraction
44
What is fibrillation?
Contraction of individual muscle fibres
45
What is fasciculation? Which disease can this indicate?
Contraction of whole muscle fascicles Motor neurone disease
46
How can cardiac muscle be recognised from a micrograph?
Centrally positioned nuclei Branching Intercalated discs between adjoining cells
47
Are there myofibrils in cardiac muscle fibres?
No distinct fibrils, continuous filament mass in cytoplasm
48
How are muscle fibres often connected?
Gap and tight junctions
49
What is cell hyperplasia?
Method of increasing tissue size by multiplication of the cells
50
What types of molecules are natriuretic peptides? What do they do?
Peptide hormones Work to reduce blood pressure by reducing blood volume
51
Elevated levels of ANP are found in patients with...
Mitral valve disease | Left ventricle hypertrophy
52
ANP is released by...
Atrial myocytes
53
BNP is released by...
Ventricular myocytes and in the brain
54
pro-BNP is split into which two diagnostic markers for heart failure?
BNP and NT-pro-BNP
55
The specialised myocardial cells that carry impulses to the ventricles from the AV node are called...
Purkinje Fibres
56
What are features of purkinje fibres?
They have abundant glycogen Sparse myofilaments Extensive gap junctions
57
What appearance to smooth muscle cells show?
Spindle shaped with a central nucleus
58
Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres or t tubules?
No
59
How are actin and myosin filaments arranged in smooth muscle?
Arranged diagonally spiralling down intermediate filaments
60
Smooth muscle is involuntary. Does smooth muscle show fast or slow contraction?
Slow
61
What are two types of modified smooth muscle cell?
Myoepithelial cells | Myofibroblasts
62
What role do myoepithelial cells play?
Form around the secretory units of exocrine glands - contractions aids in secretion of substances into glands
63
What role do myofibroblasts play?
Found at sites of wound healing, help in wound contraction and tooth eruption
64
Smooth muscle cells are innervated by autonomic nervous system fibres. Where is neurotransmitter released from these nerve fibres?
At varicosities into a wide synaptic cleft
65
How do skeletal muscle cells repair themselves?
Cannot divide | Tissue regenerates through the division of satellite cells
66
How does cardiac muscle repair itself?
Cannot regenerate | Fibroblasts lay down scar tissue
67
How does smooth muscle repair itself?
Retains mitotic activity to form new smooth muscle when needed

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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