Musculoskeletal Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Connect muscle to bone
A
Tendon
2
Q
Bone to bone usually movable joints
A
Ligament
3
Q
Support for the body
Protection of organs
Stores calcium, and other minerals
Site for hematopoiesis
A
Purpose of the musculoskeletal system
4
Q
How many bones are in the skeleton?
A
206
5
Q
Specialized form of connective tissue
Site of fat and mineral storage as well as hematopoiesis
A
Bones
6
Q
Forms the long access to the body, and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
A
Axial skeleton
7
Q
Consist of bones that form the arms, shoulder, pelvis, and legs
A
appendicular skeleton
8
Q
Build bone through collagen
A
Osteoblast
9
Q
Enable the matrix to be absorbed and assist with the release of calcium and phosphate
- breakdown the bone matrix to release, calcium and phosphate to be used for heart and muscle contraction
A
Osteoclasts
10
Q
Mature cells that help maintain the bone matrix
A
Osteocytes
11
Q
A
Long bones
12
Q
What types of bones are there?
A
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
13
Q
Usually short or irregular bones embedded in a tendon or ligament
Patella
A
Sesamoid bone
14
Q
End of the long bone
A
Epiphysis
15
Q
Where is the growth plate located on long bones?
A
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis
16
Q
Outside of long bones are made up of what kind of bone
A
Compact bone
17
Q
Inside of long bones are made up of what kind of bone
A
spongy bone
18
Q
In adult what color marrow will you find in the diaphysis?
A
Yellow
19
Q
In infant and children, what color bone marrow will you find in the diaphysis?
A
Red
20
Q
Irregular connective tissue on the outside of bones that is vascular and innervated
A
Periosteum
21
Q
The blood vessels within bones is located where?
A
Haversion canal
22
Q
You will find red bone marrow primarily where?
A
Proximal ends
23
Q
you will primarily find yellow bone marrow where?
A
Shaft
24
Q
____ is the site for hematopoiesis
A
Red marrow
25
Occurs in the vertebra, the pelvis, primarily the Ilium, skull and scapula and in adults
Hematopoiesis production of red and white blood cells
26
Red marrow is primarily found everywhere in children
27
Bone matrix
28
We need good___ and___for optimal, bone functionality and structure
Collagen and calcification
29
What vitamin is important to collagen?
Vitamin C
30
___Is the precursor to hard bone in the hard skeleton
Collagen
31
___Are deposited in collagen that make the bones hard and strong
Calcium phosphate crystals
32
New bone forms on the surface of a bone. This thickens bones in older people the bones get wider.
Appositional growth
33
Bone eventually replaces new cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate. This lengthens’s bones and young.
Typically stop growing between 18 and 21
Endochondral growth
34
Proper nutrition and physical activity are essential for the development and maintenance of healthy bone. Name the four essentials for healthy bone.
Calcium
Vitamin
Magnesium
Phosphorus
35
____ hormone works with thyroid hormones to control normal bone growth
Growth
36
___&___hormone regulate bone remodeling and mineralization of calcium
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
37
Put calcium into the bones
Calcitonin
38
Regulate bone breakdown
Parathyroid hormone
39
Inhibits formation of osteoclast in women. This prevents the breakdown of bone
Estrogen
Menopause less estrogen, osteoclast are more active leading to Osteoporosis
40
Increases bone length and density and men. This makes them bigger than females.
Maintain strength
Testosterone
41
Controls the absorption of calcium from the intestine and increases calcium and phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
Vitamin D
42
The skeleton forms from_____ during fetal development. This forms the entire skeleton, which is then hardened with ____ to make bony skeleton
Hyaline cartilage
Calcium phosphate
43
Can be found in the nose, where the ribs connect the sternum and ends of the long bones
Hyaline cartilage
44
Tough and flexible connective tissue
Cartilage
45
Is what forms the majority of the precursor of the skeleton and joints
Hyaline cartilage
46
Is what forms disc
Can be found anywhere there are disk such as the vertebrae, elbow, knee
Fibrocartilage
47
Is what is in the ears and the epiglottis
Elastic cartilage
48
49
Long bone that is non-weight-bearing and only used as a site of attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
Fibula
Lateral leg bone
50
Synovial joints
51
Structures that connect bones of the skeleton
Joints
52
Synovial joints
53
Slightly movable
Found in the vertebral column
More support, less movement
Where are disc are
Amphiarthroses joints
54
immovable
Found in the skull
Synarthroses joint
55
How many skeletal muscles are controlled by the brain
Over 600
56
Voluntary muscles that connect to bone
Skeletal muscle
57
Involuntary muscles that line the walls of hollow organs and tubes
Smooth muscle
58
Involuntary muscle that comprises the heart
Cardiac muscle
59
Neurotransmitter needed to trigger a signal for involuntary muscle
Acetylcholine
60
What are the steps for innervation of skeletal muscle?
1
2
3
Action potential
Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
Action potential (muscle fiber)
61
Within a single myofibril there is what 2 components?
Actin: thin
Myosin: thick
62
What happens during muscle contraction with actin and myosin?
Actin slides into myosin and shorten the entire muscle with contraction
63
Muscles connect to___ Which then connect to____
Muscles connect to tendon and tendons connect to bone
64
Connect bone to bone
Ligaments
65
Tough fans of dense con protective tissue that are continuous extension of the periosteum
Must cross the joint to move the bone
Tendons
66
Kyphosis
67
Pulls lumbar spine forward
Lordosis
-common with gymnasts
68
69
70
Single break with bone and maintaining their alignment and position
Simple fracture
71
Greater than 30 to 40° can affect the heart and lungs
Scoliosis
72
Straight across the bone shaft
Transverse fracture
73
At an angle to the bone shaft
Oblique fracture
74
Twist around the bone shaft
Spiral fracture
75
Multiple fracture lines and bone pieces
Requires surgery
Comminuted fracture
76
An incomplete break in which the bone is bent, and *only the outer curve of the bend is broken *
Commonly occurs in children because of minimal calcification, and often heals quickly
Green stick fracture
77
Bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces
Common in the vertebrae
Compression fracture
78
Broken into two or more separate pieces
Complete fracture
79
Partially broken
Incomplete fracture
80
Skin is broken, and bone fragments or edges may be angled and protrude out of the skin
Causes more damage to soft tissue and increased risk for infection
Open Fracture, or compound fracture
81
Skin is intact
Closed fracture
82
Results from a weakness in the bone structure secondary to condition such as tumors or osteoporosis
Bone scan recommended look for metastasis
Pathological fracture
83
Occurs from repeated excessive stress
Common in the tibia, femur, and metatarsal
Seen in athletes
Usually small and heals well
Stress fracture/fatigue fractures
84
Occurs in the school when the broken piece is for inward on the brain
Usually severe trauma or accident
Depressed fracture
85
86
Fracture repair
87
Fat enters the bloodstream, usually after a long bone fracture
Fat embolism
88
Infection of the bone tissue
Osteomyelitis
89
Death of the bone tissue due to loss of blood supply
Osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis
90
Inadequate amounts of:
Vitamin C-cartilage precursor
Calcium/vitamin D/phosphorus/magnesium – bone mineralization
Complications of fractures
91
Ligaments around the injury stretch
Dislocation
Need PT for weeks
92
Where do shoulders generally dislocate
Anteriorly
93
Sprains
Prone to invert the ankle
94
95
Strains
96
Strains tax
97
Herniated intervertebral disc
98
Herniated intervertebral disc
99
Osteoporosis
100
Osteoporosis
101
Osteoporosis
102
Soft, weak bones and children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D, calcium or phosphate deficiency
Mineral shift out of the bone if the blood levels become too low, leading to weak and soft bones
Risk factors – vitamin D deficiency, dietary imbalance
Rickets
An infant, they usually present as bow legged
103
What is the adult form of rickets ?
Osteomalacia
Slight bowing of the femur sometimes seen with a fracture
104
Pagets
105
106
107
Osteoarthritis
108
Osteoarthritis
109
Osteoarthritis
110
RA
111
RA
112
RA
113
Can be intermittently positive due to exacerbation and remission
RA
114
Distal interphalangeal joint flexes
Swan neck deformity
RA
115
Middle interphalangeal joint extend
Boutonnière deformity
116
Systemic in blood, but only affects some joints
Cannot breakdown purines
Deposits in cooler joints, such as the toe and fingers
Typically, seeing in the base of the big toe
Gout
117
Gout
118
What phase of gout is intermittent flareups and remission
Acute gout
119
What phase of gout is characterized by joint soreness and aching present most of the time?
May also develop tophi that can drain or renal calculus
Chronic gouty arthritis
120
Gout
121
Ankylosing spondylitis
122
Due to exacerbated hypothesis, it causes compression to the lungs place, making it difficult to breathe and clear stuff out of the lungs
Due to the inflammation causes compression on the heart
Ankylosing spondylitis
123
What causes ulnar deviation where the fingers point towards the ulnar
RA
124
Muscular dystrophy
125
Muscular dystrophy
126
Muscular dystrophy
127
What is the Gower sign a typical manifestation of in children?
Muscular dystrophy
128
Fibromyalgia
129
Fibromyalgia
130
Fibromyalgia
131
Fibromyalgia
132
Fibromyalgia
133
134
Bone tumor
135
A tumor that develops adjacent to growth plates
Occurs most often between 10 and 20 years of age
Osteochondroma
136
Aggressive tumor that begins in the bone cells and can spread to the muscle tissue, usually in the femur tibia or fibula
Occurs most often in children and young adults
Osteosarcoma
137
Slow growing tumor that begins in cartilage cells and spreads the bone and muscle that are commonly found on the end of bones
Most frequently affects older adults
Chondrosarcoma
138
Aggressive tumor in which the origin is unknown
May begin a nerve tissue within the bone or in the soft tissue around the bone
Occur most frequently in children and young adults
Ewing Sarcoma
