Neuro Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
What are the three components of the nervous system?
A
sensation-visual, touch, hearing, pressure
Processing -information to the brain
Response- motor response
2
Q
Brain (processing unit)
Spinal cord (signals in and out)
A
Central nervous system
3
Q
nerves
Sensory (comes in) & motor transmission (goes out)
A
Peripheral nervous system
4
Q
transmit impulses
Biological
Electrical impulses that travel along nerves send signals in and out
A
neurons
5
Q
Spinal cord and the brain can not create new nerves or repair them
*Brain and spinal cord require a constant supply of oxygen and glucose.
glucose sparing -saves all excessive/leftover glucose and sends it to the brain
A
Neurons
6
Q
projections that transmit impulses away from the cell body. Has myelin causing a white appearance.
Brings information or signals to receptors
A
neurons-axons
7
Q
projections that transmit impulses toward the cell body. Does not have Myelin has a great appearance.
A
neuron-dendrites
8
Q
Support cells that help to nourish and protect neurons and repair neurons
A
GLIAL
Schwan sells
Oligodendrocytes
9
Q
surrounds some axons and increases the rate of impulse transmission
Only on axons
A
Myelin sheath
10
Q
produce the myelin sheath and peripheral nervous system allows nerves to regenerate if severed) if the end of the nerves are brought close enough together, they will regenerate
A
Schwann cells
11
Q
create Myelin in the CNS and do not allow nerves to regenerate. Creates tubes for the axons in the CNS.
A
Oligodendrocytes
12
Q
Functional cell that transmit signals, send sensory motor information and processes information
A
neurons
Within the nucleus, the information is processed
13
Q
bundles of myelinated parts of nerves
Brain
Axons
Transmits information
A
Neuron: white matter
14
Q
bundles of unmyelinated parts of nerves
Brain and spinal cord
Dendrites and cell bodies
Processes information
A
Neuron: gray matter
15
Q
The gap between the neuron
Between the nerve and the receptor
A
Synapse
16
Q
some similar structure
(nerve)
A
Presynaptic terminal
17
Q
Space between the neurons
Send neurotransmitters
A
Synaptic cleft
18
Q
opposite end to the presynapic terminal
Attaches Receptor
A
postsynaptic cell membrane
19
Q
Transmits information
Body to the brain
Brain to the body
Right to left hemispheres
A
White matter: axons
20
Q
processes information
Thin layer on the outside of the brain to protect
And deep inside the brain to process information
A
Gray matter
21
Q
The change in charge across a cell membrane to make the nerves work
A
Action potential
22
Q
charge at rest -70
More ___ outside of the cell
More ___ inside of the cell
A
resting potential
more sodium outside
More potassium inside
Maintained with the sodium potassium pump
More positive charged ions on the outside of the cell, then the inside leading to a negative charge cell
23
Q
Are there more positive or negative charged ions in the inside of the cell?
A
Negative
24
Q
three sodium pumped out
Two potassium pumped in
A
Sodium potassium pump
25
after electrical impulse is neurotransmitters can be
Destroyed by enzymes within the synaptic cleft
Or reabsorbed in the presynaptic membrane
* some medication stopped reabsorption to keep in the synaptic clap to continue to reactivate the receptor
Electrical impulses
26
interconnected, hollow areas of the brain where CSF is produced, fills and flows
Spaces in the brain that go to the brain stem
Create CSF fluid to cushion and support the brain
Ventricles
27
Plasma like liquid that fills the space between the arachnoid and the pia matter layer to provide additional cushion and support
Flows and channels
CSF
28
membranes that in case the CNS
Three layers
Menenges
29
what are the three layers of the Meninges
dura matter
Arachnoid layer
Pia matter
30
is the outer and toughest layer
Does not stretch
Resembles a garbage bag
Meninges dura matter
31
is the middle layer with a spiderweb like vascular system
Contains the blood vessels
Meninges arachnoid layer
32
is the innermost layer
Right on the brain and spinal cord. A single layer of cells.
Meninges pia matter
33
Right and left hemisphere
Cerebrum
34
connection between the brain and spinal cord
Processing of central function and transmission of signals, both sensory and motor
Brain stem
35
Raised area that increases surface area within the brain
Gyrus
36
Depressed area that increases surface area within the brain
Sulcus
37
Coordination of movement
Cerebellum
38
three parts
Midbrain
Pons (big belly)
Medulla oblongata (superior to the spinal cord)
Brain stem
39
Take away, used blood and waste products from the brain tissue and put it in the jugular vein
Dural sinuses
40
Allows the right and left brain to talk to each other
corpus collosum
41
why is there a cervical enlargement in a lumbosacral enlargement?
To allow more nerves to go to the upper and lower extremities
42
Collection of nerves that go to the pelvic basin and lower extremities
Low
Looks like a tail of our horse
Cauda equina
43
Where is the end of the spinal cord?
L2
44
Where epidural’s placed?
Below L2
45
What are the three grouping of the ventricles?
lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
Fourth ventricle
46
The two lateral ventricles are broken up into what
Right and left
47
what ventricle is at the thalamus?
Third
48
What does the fluid travel down the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle?
cerebral Aqueduct
49
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
In front of the cerebellum
50
what structure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central SULCUS
51
in front of the central sulcus it provides the body and face with what function
Motor function
52
Behind the central sulcus it provides the body and face with what function
Sensory
53
back of the spinal nerves provides ____function
Sensory
54
The front of the spinal nerve provides____funtion
Motor
55
voluntary motor for face and body, personality, traits, and memory
Motor for speech
Frontal lobe
56
sensory input of the face and body
Sensory speech
Parietal lobe
57
Visual information
Occipital lobe
58
thin layer of gray matter
Around the outside of the brain
Cell body
Process information
Cerebral cortex
59
beneath the gray matter and contains bundles of axons that transmit impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, enhancing communication and coordination of activities
Transmit to and from the body or from the right to the left hemisphere
White matter
60
folds that increase the surface area numerous
Increase surface area allows to process more information
Gyri
61
Grooves between the GYRI
sulci
62
Hearing and memory
Temporal lobe
63
mostly frontal lobe (face&body)
Motor classification
64
Mostly ___ lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
Sensory classification
65
integrate information and initiates coordinated response
Help to tie together multiple information
Association classification
Associates things together
66
Personality traits
Frontal lobe
67
within the frontal lobe
Speech formation
The motor of speech
brocas area
If there is a stroke within this area, the individual will be unable to form words
68
within the parietal lobe
Understanding speech
It’s the sensory of speech
Warneke‘s area
If there’s a stroke in this area, the individual will be able to talk, but it will not make any sense
69
receive sensation from the face and body, and sends it to the correct area of the brain, and initiates body movements
The control center for sensation
thalamus
70
is below the thalamus and regulates bodily functions with hormones
Example, BP, vomiting, heart rate, temperature
Hypothalamus
71
Pineal gland, which regulates melatonin. Located in the back of the brain stem.
Epithalamus
72
injury can easily result in death
Crucial for many basic body functions
Collaborate with the hypothalamus to regulate vital activities
10 of 12 cranial nerves exit from here
Brain stem
73
What are the three major regions of the brain stem?
midbrain
Pons
Medulla
74
Controls and helps sensation of reflective, auditory, and visual information
Transmit information for voluntary movement
midbrain of the brain stem
Top layer
75
contains nerves that regulate sleep and breathing
Pons region within the brain stem
Middle
76
coordinate heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Coordinate all the essential things to survive works with the Thalamus
Motor signals crossover here
medulla region of the brainstem
The bottom layer
77
The right side of the brain controls what side of the body?
The left
78
The left side of the brain controls what side of the body?
Right
79
Collection of gray matter
Collection of nerves that act like a gatekeeper, receiving all incoming and outgoing information and helps with our sense of awareness
**This area is inactivated with anesthesia and coma
Reticular formation within the brain stem
80
smooth movements
Helps with balance
Inhibited when you drink alcohol
Cerebellum
81
multiple areas in the brain that controls behavior, emotions, motivation, mood, pain, and pleasure
Behavioral action to emotions
Limbic system
82
Gray matter deep in the brain that plays a pivotal role in coordination, motor movement, and posture
Damaged with Parkinson’s
Basal ganglia
83
The spinal cord exits this goal through the large and only opening in this skull called?
Foramen magnum
84
Add__, the spinal cord transitions into the individual nerve roots called__
L2
Cauda equina
85
The spinal cord consist of__pairs of spinal nerves that branch off at regular intervals
31
86
The central gray matter which contains the nerve cell bodies process information
Central portion of the spinal cord
H shaped
87
Composed of nerve fibers tracks or pathways, surround the gray matter
White matter spinal cord
88
Carry sensory information to the brain
Income information sent to the brain
Ascending fibers or afferent tracts
89
Carry motor impulses to the face and body
Outgoing information from the brain to the body
descending fibers or efferent tracts
90
Process that creates an unconscious response to damaging stimuli
Motor response at the cord
Spinal reflex arcs
91
Withdrawal reflex in response to touching an unpleasant stimulus
Flexor reflex
92
usually with flexor reflex
To balance your body
Extensor reflex
93
Nerves that come out of the base of the brain or spinal cord going to the face, neck, torso, arms, and legs
Transport messages to and from the CNS
Includes spinal nerves and cranial nerves
Peripheral nervous system
94
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
95
comes from the base of the brain and brain stem and a little bit of the spinal cord
provides motor and sensory of the neck and head
Provides parasympathetic to the torso(vagus nerve)
Cranial nerves
96
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
97
how many spinal nerves in each category?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
8
12
5
5
1
98
these are mixed nerves that carry both sensory and motor information
They provide sensory and motor to the torso and extremities
Spinal nerves
99
Carrie impulses regarding information from a specific part of the body to the brain
sensory nerves or afferent nerves
DASIP
dorsal which is posterior
Afferent which is outgoing
Therefore sensory nerves
100
Area of the skin innovated my given pair of spinal sensory nerves
Dermatome
101
Carrie impulses regarding action from the brain to the corresponding muscle receptor, resulting in muscle contraction and movement
Motor nerves or efferent netves
VEMOA
Ventral which is anterior
Efferent is outgoing
Therefore, motor nerves
102
True
103
several nerves intersecting to form an organized collaboration
Mix up nerve roots to form specific nerves to go out to the extremities. Makes a combination in case of injury to the nerve root so there is other roots for the nerves.
Plexus
104
brachial plexus feeds what?
C5-T1
upper extremities
105
Lumbar sacral plexus feeds what?
L1-S4
Pelvic basin & lower extremities
106
107
peripheral nerve:
Down the back of the arm
Radial
108
peripheral nerve:
Thumb & index finger
Median
109
peripheral nerve:
Middle finger out to the pinky
Behind the elbow (can get compressed)
Funny nerve
Ulnar
110
peripheral nerve:
Runs down the back of the leg
Part of the lumbar sacral plexus
Sciatic
111
smell
#1
Olfactory
Sensory
112
Vision
#2
Sensory
Optic neeve
113
most eye movement
#3
Motor
Ocularmotor
114
move eye
#4
Motor
Trochlear
115
Face sensation, mastication (chewing)
#5
Both
Trigeminal
116
Abducts the eye
#6
Motor
Abducens
117
Facial expression (facial mvmt),taste
#7
Both
Facial
118
Hearing, balance
#8
sensory
Vestibulocochlear
119
taste (posterior tongue), gag reflex
#9
both
Glossopharyngeal
120
Gag reflex, parasympathetic innovation
#10
Both
Vagus
121
Shoulder shrug
#11
Motor
Accessory
122
swallowing, speech (mvmt of tongue)
#12
Motor
Hypoglossal
123
O o o to touch and feel very good vegetables and honey
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomator
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
124
Some say money matters, but my brother says big business means more
Sensory pneumonic
125
provide motor and function for the head and neck
cranial nerves
126
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
Where do they branch directly from?
12 pairs branch directly from the base of the brain
127
Unconscious response that affects such activities as heart rate, blood pressure and intestinal motility
Autonomic nervous system
128
Stimulates or calms
Autonomic nervous system
129
is responsible for the flight or flight response and is augmented by secretions of the adrenal medulla stimulates the adrenergic (nor epinephrine) receptors
sympathetic nervous system
All E responses : excitement, embarrassment, exercise
130
is responsible for the rest – and – digest response; stimulates cholinergic (acetylcholine) receptors
parasympathetic nervous system
All D responses : digestion, dieresis, and defecation
131
cranium and sacrum nerve
parasympathetic
Cranial sacral
132
Thoracic and lumbar nerves
Sympathetic
133
CSF out through the jugular
Could push down on the brain stem, pushing the brain stem into the foramen Magnum
Hydrocephalus
134
hydrocephalus
After one year the anterior Fontenelle closes in babies
135
Spina bifida
136
spina bifida Occulta
137
The spinal cord remains in the vertebrae
spina bifida Meningocele
138
spina bifida Meningocele
139
spina bifida Myelomeningocele
140
spina bifida Myelomeningocele
141
Cerebral palsy
142
Cerebral palsy
143
when head is dropped forward send shooting pain into the head and down the spinal cord
Meningitis
144
Encephalitis
145
TBI
146
TBI
147
Increase intracranial pressure
148
Move downward
Herniation
149
D
150
Decrease pulse and respiration and increased pulse pressure
Manifestation of increased intracranial pressure
151
Glasgow coma scale
Best response
Comatose client
Total unresponsive
15
Eight or less
Three
152
A collection of blood in the tissue that develops from ruptured blood vessels
Can develop immediately or slowly because of a TBI or surgery
Hematoma
153
Symptom pattern is a brief loss of consciousness, followed by a short period of alertness, then loss of consciousness again
Hematoma
154
Subdural hematoma
155
intracerebral hematoma
156
subarachnoid hemorrhage
157
Spinal cord injuries
158
Temporary suppression of neurological function because of spinal cord compression; neurologic function gradually returns
spinal shock
As the inflammation decreases, the neurologic function returns
159
Spinal cord injury complications
160
quadriplegia
Loss of sensory and motor function from the shoulders down. Includes both arms and legs and respiratory function, difficulty breathing.
T1 or above
161
paraplegia
Loss of century and motor functions in the lower extremities and from the chest down
T1 through T6
162
paraplegia
Plus, a sensory and motor function from the waist down
T6-T12
163
paraplegia
Loss of sensory and motor function from the hips down
L1-L5
164
A temporary episode of cerebral ischemia that result in symptoms of neurological deficits
Deficits typically resolve within 24 hours in most cases one to two hours
May occur singly, or in a series
transient ischemic attack
Also called a mini stroke a mini stroke
Could be a warning sign for a CVA CVAs often occur within one year of a TIA
165
transient ischemic attack
166
Transit ischemic attack
167
The internal carotid artery supply, what
Circle of Willis
168
Cerebral vascular accident
169
these strokes are the most common
Typically caused by a blood clot or plaque
Ischemic strokes
170
these strokes are the most fatal
A break in the blood vessel causes excessive blood to pull in the brain tissue, allowing for infection, blood into the CSF. The blood brain barrier is gone.
Hemorrhagic stroke
171
Cerebral vascular accident
172
cerebral vascular accident
173
Cerebral vascular accident treatment
174
Cerebral aneurysm
175
Cerebral aneurysm
176
Seizure disorder, resulting from spontaneous abnormal, firing of neurons; characterized by recurrent seizures for which there is no underlying or correctable cause
epilepsy
177
transient physical or behavioral alteration that result from abnormal electrical activity in the brain
abnormal neuron activity on both sides of the brain
May cause loss of consciousness, falls, or massive muscle spasm
Seizure
178
Cerebral aneurysm
179
Seizures that last longer than 20 minutes or subsequent seizures occur before the individual has fully regained consciousness
status epilepticus
180
in children due to spike in fever, that usually will pass. Children usually grow out of them.
Typically no damage
Febrile seizure
181
Individual may appear to be staring into space and or having jerking or twitching muscles
absent seizures formally known as petit mal seizures
182
Causes stiffening of the body and repeated jerks of the arms and her legs as well as loss of consciousness
tonic clonic, seizure, formally known as grand mal seizure
183
lack of sunlight
immune system starts attacking brain, final cord and cranial nervous
Multiple sclerosis
184
Multiple sclerosis
185
Parkinson’s disease
186
releases dopamine
Substantia nigra
187
important neurotransmitter, which helps with the correlation and coordination of voluntary movement
Dopamine
188
Parkinson’s disease
189
tightening and hold phase
Held contractions
Tonic phase of seizure
190
jerking of limbs
Alternate contractions back-and-forth
Clonic phase
191
Motor nerve that comes from the Primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe down the cord to the front of the cord to whereever it will go out
this turns the motions on or off when damage can lead to involuntary spasticity
Upper motor neuron
Spastic paralysis
192
Motor nerves comes down the front part of the cord out to the muscle
Turns the muscle on
When damaged =limp extremity
lower motor neuron
Flaccid paralysis
193
only affects motor!
travels from the motor cortex down the front of the cord
* front of the cord controls motor
unknown cause but genetics play a role and may be autoimmune
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
194
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
195
Muscles cannot be fully stimulated leading to muscle weakness
myasthenia Gravis
196
Myasthenia gravis
197
potentially life-threatening complication that occurs when the muscles become too weak to maintain adequate ventilation
Myasthenia gravis crisis
198
199
Unable to control voluntary movement
Huntington’s disease
200
Huntington disease
201
Dementia
202
Diagnosis is often difficult and often involves ruling out other conditions
Alzheimer’s
203
Amyloid plaque-deposit into and around the nerves decrease in the function of the nerves within the brain
Alzheimer’s disease
204
Alzheimer’s disease
205
Brain tumors
206
Brain tumor
207
Brain tumor
208
Arms move towards the core
Arms form a C
Feet point down
Back arch
usually, the cortex or cervical spine
Flexor position
Decorticate
209
Arms and legs extend
Feet plantar flex
Extensir
Brainstem (midbrain & pons)
Decerebrate
