PathoPharm exam 1 Flashcards
(32 cards)
Investigational drug study phase 2
Small number volunteers with disease
Investigational drug study phase 1
Healthy volunteers
Investigational drug study phase 3
Large number volunteers with disease
Investigational drug study phase 4
Post marketing studies by drug company-voluntary
Pregnancy category A
No ill effects to fetus
Pregnancy category B
No risk to animal study
Pregnancy category C
Study in humans but not pregnant women. Shows harm in animals
Pregnancy category D
Risk to fetus. Risk of not taking meds is greater than taking it, can be used in life threatening
Pregnancy category X
Risk to fetus is definite. No benefit.
Tetratogenic effect
Results in structural effect in unborn fetus; crosses placental barrier
DEA Schedules and controlled substances: schedule 1 (CI)
High abuse potential (illegal, no prescription available)
DEA Schedules and controlled substances: schedule 2 (CII)
High abuse potential and severe dependence liability -30day supply with no refills- hand written only; ei: morphine, methadone, methamphetamine
DEA Schedules and controlled substances: schedule 3 (CIII)
Less abuse potential, low-moderate physical dependence, high psychological dependence -no more than 5 refills; ei: anabolic steroids, codeine, hydrocodone
DEA Schedules and controlled substances: schedule 4 (CIV)
Less physical abuse potential-accepted medical use-written or verbal prescription with max 5 refills; ie: diazepam/Valium, alprazolam/Xanax
DEA Schedules and controlled substances: schedule 5 (CV)
Limited abuse potential, small amount of narcotic used as antitussives or antidiarrheals- may not need prescription but must be recorded; ie: OTC cough meds with codeine or Tylenol 3
First pass effect
Drug absorbed in stomach an small intestine must pass through the liver before circulating systemically, liver can inactivate drug making less available to target organ
Enteral
Absorbed through oral or gastric mucosa, small intestine or rectum. Oral, sublingual (highly vascular, no first pass), NG tube
Parenteral
Fastest route for absorption. Subcutaneous, IM(absorbed faster in muscles with more blood vessels), intradermal, IV
Topical
(Skin, or membrane linings of the eyes, ears, nose, lungs) constant amount over long periods, unreliable systemic absorption
Fat soluble
Lower blood concentrations bc of large distribution (more drug diffuses through membranes)
Water soluble
Small volume distribution but high blood concentrations (need a protein or enzyme to pass through the GI tract)
Anonist
Bind to receptor- response is present
Partial agonist
Binds but diminished response
Antagonist
Binds but no response (prevents binding of agonist)
