Peripheral blood Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is the average volume of blood in a 70 kg male?
A
5.5 L (7% of BW)
2
Q
What is arterial blood pH?
A
7.4
3
Q
What is venous blood pH?
A
7.35
4
Q
What are the five functions of blood?
A
- Transport oxygen and CO2
- Transport nutrients
- Regulate body temp, pH, osmolality
- Hemostasis
- immunity
5
Q
What are the four elements of blood?
A
Plasma
Formed elements (RBCs, leukocytes, platelets)
Hematocrit
Serum
6
Q
What is hematocrit?
A
Percentage of drawn blood that contains RBCs
7
Q
What are the three layers that form when drawing blood?
A
- Plasma
- Buffy coat (leukocytes)
- RBCs
8
Q
What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a male?
A
45%
9
Q
What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a Female?
A
40%
10
Q
What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a newborn?
A
55%
11
Q
What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a 2 month old?
A
35%
12
Q
What is serum?
A
Plasma - fibrinogen
13
Q
What are the contents of plasma?
A
90% water with yellow color due to bilirubin
14
Q
Why would plasma appear white?
A
Chylomicrons after a fatty meal
15
Q
What are the five major proteins found in plasma/
A
- Albumin
- globulins
- clotting proteins
- complement proteins
- Lipoproteins
16
Q
What is albumin?
A
Protein that mainatains colloid osmotic pressure
17
Q
What are globulins?
A
alpha- ceruloplasm
beta- tranferrin
Gamma- plasma cell antibodies
18
Q
What are the type of clotting factors?
A
- Prothrombin
- Fibrinogen
- accelelrator globulin (factor VII)
19
Q
What are RBCs a biconcave disk?
A
increases gas exchange
20
Q
What is polycythemia?
A
Elevated RBC count
21
Q
What are the only “organelles” present in RBCs?
A
Cytoskeletal components
22
Q
What are the two major transmembrane proteins found in RBCs?
A
- Glycophorin
2. Band 3
23
Q
What is the function of glycophorins A, B and C?
A
Unknown but unique to RBCs
24
Q
What is the function of band 3?
A
transports HCO3- and Cl- across the plasmalemma
25
What is spectrin?
An intermediate filament that links transmembrane proteins together
26
What is the band 4.1 protein?
anchor the cytoskeletal components by complexing with spectrin, glycophorin, and actin
27
What is the function of Band 3, band 4.2, ankyrin and spectrin?
form another complex for the binding of transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeletal elements
28
What is adducin?
a calmodulin-binding protein that promotes actin-spectrin association
29
What is the function of ankyrin?
Anchor band 3 proteins to spectrin
30
What is hereditary sphereocytosis?
A disease that results from a mutation in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, or band 4.2.
Anemia and jaundice results due to breakdown of sphereical RBCs
31
What is elliptocytosis?
DIsease where RBCs are elliptical. This is caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1 or glycophorin C
32
What are the five different types of antigens that RBCs can present?
1. ABO
2. Rh
3. Kell
4. Dufy
5. Lewis
33
What is erythroblastisis fetalis?
When an Rh-negative mother gives birth to an Rh+ baby
34
What is the significant of the Duffy system antigen?
If you don't have it, you are less susceptible fo plasmodium vivax
35
Kell does what? Duffy? Lewis?
Kell kills
Duffy dies
Lewis lives
36
What are Howell-Jolly bodies?
Small, basophilic nuclear fragments in RBCs seen in patients with severe hemolytic anemia, spleen issues, or splenectomy
37
What are Heinz bodies?
Inclusions of damage Hb
Due to a defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydro
38
What are bite cells?
RBCs who have been "bitten" by splenic macrophages in an attempt to remove Heinz bodies
39
What are reticulocytes?
The immediate precursor to RBCs
40
Why are reticulocytes basophilic?
Clusters of free polyribosomes left over from Hb synthesis
41
What percent of blood is normally composed of reticulocytes?
1%
42
An increase in the number of reticulocytes is indicative of what?
increased demand for oxygen (increase in altitude or hemorrhage)
43
What is the normal concentration of leukocytes?
5-10000 per mm^3
44
What are the three granulocytes in order of their abundance?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
45
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
46
When are neutrophils elevated?
In bacterial infection
47
What are the histological characteristics of a neutrophil?
Lobulated nuclei
| Granules that are light pink
48
What in the function of the light, pink granules present in neutrophils?
Antimicrobial
49
What are azurophilic granules?
Granules that are present in all WBCs. they represent lysosomes
50
What is meant by the term "left shift"?
An increase in the number of neutrophils
51
What are tertiary granules?
Granules that contain gelatinase--an enzymes that degrades collagen
52
What is the function of tertiary granules?
To degrade the ECM and facilitate migration of neutrophilcs into tissue
53
What is a band cell?
The precursor to a neutrophil that had a band-like nucleus
54
What are Döhle bodies? Are they acidophilic or basophilic? What do they represent?
Basophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. These represent dilations in the rER
55
When are eosinophils elevated?
In allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and IBS
56
What is the characteristic feature of the eosinophil nucleus?
Bilobed
57
What are the two granules that eosinophils contain? What do they stain?
Azurephils
| Specific secondary granules (dark red-pink)
58
What do the granules of eosinophils look like at the EM level?
Band in the granules due to inclusion of crystalline
59
What is characteristic of a basophil's nucleus?
S-shaped
60
What is the function of the specific granules found in basophils? What color do they stain?
are dark blue and contain histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotaxic factor, neutrophilic chemotaxic factor, and peroxidase
61
How are basophils used diagnostically?
Decreased in acute allergic reactions
62
How do the granules of bsophils appear at the EM level?
Black granules with a whitish center
63
True or false: mast cells are basophils that have entered a tissue
FALSE
64
True or false: agranulocytes do not contain granules?
False--still have azurephilic granules, just not Specific granules
65
In children younger than 8 years, what is the predominant type of leukocyte?
Lymphocytes
66
When are leukocytes elevated?
In viral infections
67
What is the histological characteristic of a lymphocyte?
Have a nucleus that nearly fills the cell
68
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
B type
T type
Natural killer
69
What are the histological characteristics of a monocyte?
Kidney shaped nucleus, Blue-gray cytoplasm
| Small cytoplasmic granules
70
What is the function of a monocyte?
Will migrate into tissues and become macrophages if necessary
71
What are the four zones to platelets?
Peripheral
Structural
Membrane
Organelle
72
What is the peripheral zone of platelets?
Plasma membrane + glycocalyx
73
What is the structural zone of platelets?
microtubules and actin and myosin monomers
74
What is the function of the microtubular array in platelets?
Maintain shape
75
What is the function of the actin/myosin array in platelets?
can polymerize and form a contractile apparatus
76
What are the organelles found in platelets?
1. mito
2. glycogen granules
3. peroxisomes
4. three types of granules (alpha, delta, lamba)
77
What is the function of platelets?
Blood clotting and tissue repair
78
What are the two types of membranes found in platelets?
open canalicular system and dense tubular system
79
What is anisocytosis?
Condition where there are several different sized RBCs present in a blood sample
80
An elevated erythrocyte count is sen in what? (2)
decreased oxygenation
Renal cell carcinoma
81
A decreased RBC count is seen in what? (3)
Hemolytic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Disruption of myeloid tissue
82
An elevated count of eosinophils is seen in what? (3)
Allergic reaction
IBD
Parasitic infections
83
A decrease in basophils are seen in what?
acute allergic reactions
84
An elevated lymphocyte count is seen in what? (2)
Viral infections
| Lymphocytic leukemia is a common cause of significant elevation
85
Elevated monocyte count is seen in what major condition?
Inflammation
86
An elevated platelet count can be seen in what?
Splenectomy
87
A decreased platelet count is seen in what
Splenic sequestration
