Vascular biology

Question 1

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

Answer 1

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia (externa)

Question 2

What are the components of the tunica intima?

Answer 2

1. Endothelium
2. basal lamina
3. Loose CT
4. internal elastic lamina

Question 3

What is the main component of the internal elastic lamina?

Answer 3

elastin

Question 4

What type of endothelium comprises the tunica intima?

Answer 4

Simple squamous

Question 5

What is the purpose for the fenestrations of the tunica intima?

Answer 5

Allows gas exchange

Question 6

What are the 5 components of the tunica media?

Answer 6

1.concentric layer of 2.smooth muscle cells
elastin/elastic fibers
3.reticular fibers
4. proteoglycans
5. external elastic lamina, made of elastin

Question 7

What are the components of the tunica adventitia?

Answer 7

CT layer
Type I collagen
elastic fibers
fibroblasts

Question 8

What is the vasa vesorum? Where is it needed

Answer 8

“vessels of the vessels”.

Needed for vessels greater than 1 mm in diameter

Question 9

Which have move vasa vesorum, veins or arteries?

Answer 9

Veins

Question 10

What is endarerities/periarteritis?When is it seen?

Answer 10

Infection/inflammation of the vasa vesorum

Classic example is in syphilis

Question 11

What is the network of nerves that supply blood vessels called?

Answer 11

nervi vasorum or vascularis

Question 12

Where are nerves endings found in arteries?

Answer 12

in the adventitia, usually not penetrating the media

Question 13

Where are nerves endings found in veins?

Answer 13

in adventitia and in the media

Question 14

Are nerve endings more dense in arteries or in veins?

Answer 14

More dense in arteries

Question 15

What type of neurons are found in the nervi vascularis?

Answer 15

Mainlu sympathetic

Question 16

What do nervi vasorum nerves releasing (what is the neurotransmitter)?

Answer 16

Norepi

Question 17

How do cells that connect to the nervi vasorum communicate the nervous signal to neighboring cells?

Answer 17

Through gap junctions

Question 18

How are the endothelial cells of vessels oriented?

Answer 18

Long axis in the direction of blood flow

Question 19

What is the shape of endothelial vessel cells?

Answer 19

flat and elongated

Question 20

What is the specialization that can be found on the endothelial cells?

Answer 20

Microvilli

Question 21

What are the junctions that exists between endothelial cells?

Answer 21

Junctional complexes

Myoendothelial junctions

Question 22

What is the main transport process seen in the endothlial cells of the vascular system?

Answer 22

Pinocytosis

Question 23

What is the result of shearing stress on endothelial cells?

Answer 23

Hyperpolarization of the cell, leading to hyperpolarization of smooth muscle above (through myoendothelial junction), and subsequent muscle relaxation

Question 24

What are Weibel – Palade bodies?

Answer 24

Granules present in endothelial cells that contain:

1. Factor VIII
2. tissue plasminogen activator
3. interleuking 8
4. P-selectin
5. others

Question 25

What is the function of the P-selectin molecules found in the Weibel – Palade bodies?

Answer 25

Help leukocytes attach and migrate through endothelial cells

Question 26

What are the five main functions of endothelial cells?

Answer 26

1. Promote/inhibit coagulation 2. modulate smooth muscle activity 3. Regulate inflammatory cell traffic 4. Transport 5. Regulate angiogenesis

Question 27

What is the function of prostacyclin in endothelia cells? Nitric oxide?

Answer 27

Vasodilators | Prostacyclin also has anticoagulation effects

Question 28

What is the function of endothelin in endothelia cells?

Answer 28

Vasoconstriction

Question 29

What are the major components of vessels that are increased in large arteries like the aorta? What doesn't change?

Answer 29

Most smooth muscle, elastic fibers are increased Endotheliim and basal lamina do not change

Question 30

What components changes in the small arteries as compared to the large ones?

Answer 30

Less smooth muscle, elastic fibers, more CT

Question 31

What are the components of the capillaries?

Answer 31

Only have the basal lamina and endothelium

Question 32

What is the major component of veins?

Answer 32

CT

Question 33

How much does the muscular component vary from large arteries to small? Veins?

Answer 33

Large change in arteries Small change in veins

Question 34

Looking at a slide of a vessel, you see a prominent elastic lamina. What type of vessel are you looking at (vein or artery)?

Answer 34

Artery

Question 35

How does the tunica media in veins compare to that found in arteries?

Answer 35

Much smaller in veins

Question 36

How does the tunica adventitia in veins compare to that found in arteries?

Answer 36

Much larger in veins

Question 37

What happens to the elastic lamellae as we age?

Answer 37

Increases, but also there is fibrosis

Question 38

What is the characteristic feature of the tunica media found in arteries?

Answer 38

large amount of alternating elastic lamella and smooth muscle

Question 39

True or false: there are fibroblasts in the tunica adventitia and in the elastic lamellae?

Answer 39

False--only in the tunica adventitia

Question 40

The first squiggly dark line in the elastic lamella in arteries is what?

Answer 40

The basal lamina

Question 41

What connects the multiple elastic lamelle?

Answer 41

Elastic fibers

Question 42

What components of the elastic lamelle is dysfunctional in Marfan's syndrome?

Answer 42

The GAGs of the elastic fibers that connect elastic lamellae

Question 43

What happens to the tunica intima of arteries as we age?

Answer 43

Increases d/t fibrotic changes

Question 44

"lakes" of GAGs in the elastic lamellae of arteries is characteristic of what disease?

Answer 44

Marfan's

Question 45

What changes occur in muscular arteries as compared to normal?

Answer 45

Increased smooth muscle in tunica media, at expense of elastic lamellae (change to two)

Question 46

What is the main resistance structure in the blood system?

Answer 46

arterioles

Question 47

How many smooth muscle layers are present in arterioles?

Answer 47

1-2

Question 48

What is the way described in lecture to determine an arteriole from a artery?

Answer 48

Wall-to-lumen ratio is 1

Question 49

True or false: arterioles have a small tunica adventitia surrounding them

Answer 49

True

Question 50

How does the lumen of a veinuole compare to that of a arteriole?

Answer 50

Veinuloe is much larger

Question 51

What is the microcirculation?

Answer 51

The area between the arterioles and the veinuoles

Question 52

What is a metarteriole?

Answer 52

A small branch of the arteriole that controls the circulation into the microcirculation via smooth muscle

Question 53

What are pericytes?

Answer 53

Mesenchymal cells that surround capillaries and can differentiate into smooth muscle cells. They are contractile

Question 54

True or false: capillaries have a tunica adventitia?

Answer 54

False

Question 55

What are the layers that capillaries have?

Answer 55

Endothelium | Basal lamina

Question 56

What are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 56

Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal

Question 57

Where are continuous capillaries found?

Answer 57

CNS, muscle, lungs

Question 58

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 58

kidney, intestines, endocrine glands

Question 59

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

Answer 59

spleen, liver, bone marrow