Personality 3

Question 1

trait theories

Answer 1

less concerned with explanation for personality development and changing personality
describing personality and predicting behavior based on the that description
attempt to describe personality in terms of a person’s trait

Question 2

trait

Answer 2

consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

Question 3

allport

Answer 3

believe traits wired into nervous system to guide one’s bx across many different situations
each person’s constellation of traits unique

Question 4

cattell

Answer 4

surface traits and source traits
factor analysis
16 personality factor questionnaire
identify 16 source traits, later say 23

Question 5

surface traits

Answer 5

cattell
like all port’s
represent personality characteristics easily seen by other people

Question 6

source traits

Answer 6

cattell

more basic traits that underlie surface traits

Question 7

introversion

Answer 7

tendency to withdraw from excessive stimulation

Question 8

factor analysis

Answer 8

statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data

Question 9

16pf

Answer 9

cattell’s test
16 source traits seen as trait dimensions/continuums
two opposite traits at each end with range of possible degrees for each trait measurable along dimension

Question 10

five factor model/big five

Answer 10

mccrae and costa
five dimensions, core description of human personality
only dimensions necessary to understand human bx
OCEAN/CANOE
traits independent

Question 11

five factor traits

Answer 11

openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 12

openness

Answer 12

person’s willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
low = maintain status quo, don’t like to change things

Question 13

conscientiousness

Answer 13

person’s organization and motivation
high = careful about being places on time, careful with belongings, organized
low = late, take bad care of things, lazy

Question 14

extraversion

Answer 14

jung

extraverts: outgoing and sociable
introverts: solitary, dislike being center of attention

Question 15

agreeableness

Answer 15

basic emotional style of person
high = easy-going, friendly, pleasant
low = grumpy, crabby, hard to get along with

Question 16

neuroticism

Answer 16

emotional instability or stability
high = excessive worriers, overanxious, moody
low = even-tempered, calm

Question 17

trait-situation interaction

Answer 17

mischel

particular circumstances of any given situation assumed to influence way in which trait is expressed

Question 18

behavioral genetics

Answer 18

study of how much of an individual’s personality is due to inherited traits

Question 19

twin studies

Answer 19

minnesota twin study show identical twins more similar than fraternal in intelligence, leadership, tendency to follow rules, tendency to uphold traditional cultural expectations, nurturance, empathy, assertiveness, aggressiveness
even if twins raised in separate environments

Question 20

adoption studies

Answer 20

genetic influences account for great deal of personality development, regardless of shared or non shared environments
genetic basis suggested for shyness

Question 21

heritability

Answer 21

how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences
extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior

Question 22

big five heritability

Answer 22

50% rate

variations in personality traits 25-50% inherited

Question 23

hofstede

Answer 23

study of IBM (multinational)
four basic dimensions of personality along which cultures differ:
1. individualism/collectivism
2. power distance
3. masculinity/femininity
4. uncertainty avoidance

Question 24

individualism/collectivism hofstede

Answer 24

individualistic culture: loose ties between individuals, people look after selves and immediate families, autonomy, change, out, equality, security valued
collectivistic culture: people tied into strong in-groups, loyalty to family stressed, few groups, duty, order, tradition

Question 25

power distance

Answer 25

degree to which less powerful members of culture accept and expect that power within culture is held in hands of select few rather than being more evenly distributed

Question 26

masculinity/femininity

Answer 26

how culture distributes roles played by men and women, varies more for men than women masculine culture = assertive, competitive feminine culture = modest, caring greater difference in sexes in masculine countries bc less assertive

Question 27

uncertainty avoidance

Answer 27

culture's tolerance of uncertainty no tolerate = strict rules, security, one truth belief more accepting culture = fewer rules, different beliefs, less anxious and emotional

Question 28

eclectic view of personality

Answer 28

way of choosing parts of different theories that seem to best fit particular situation rather than using only one theory to explain phenomenon

Question 29

interview

Answer 29

ask questions and note down answers in survey process can be unstructured and flow naturally from beginning dialogue between client and psychologist clients report on inner feelings, urges, and concerns can lie and distort truth

Question 30

halo effect

Answer 30

tendency to form favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting, so that all of person's comments and behavior after first impression interpreted to agree with impression negative impression = horn effect

Question 31

projective tests

Answer 31

show client ambiguous visual stimuli and ask clients to tell what see, hope client will project unconscious concerns onto visual stimulus used to explore client's personality or diagnostic tool to uncover problems in personality

Question 32

rorschach inkblot test

Answer 32

look at each inkblot and say what it looks like score responses on key factors describe personality, diagnose mental disorders, and predict bx controversial, maybe not valid

Question 33

TAT

Answer 33

thematic apperception test black and white pictures, person tells story about person in picture (ambiguous situations) story developed interpreted by psychoanalyst, looks for revealing statements and projection of client's own problems onto people in pictures

Question 34

subjective

Answer 34

projective tests are this valid only within person's own perception not science projective tests no standard grading scale so low reliability and validity

Question 35

reliability v validity

Answer 35

``` reliability = tendency of test to give same score every time given to same person validity = ability of test to measure what intended to measure ```

Question 36

direct observation

Answer 36

observe client engaging in ordinary, everyday behavior, preferably in natural setting

Question 37

rating scale

Answer 37

numerical rating assigned, either by assessor or client, for specific behaviors observer effect problem though

Question 38

frequency count

Answer 38

assessor counts frequency of certain behaviors within specified time limit observer effect problem though

Question 39

personality inventory

Answer 39

questionnaire that has standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers standard nature of questions and lack of open ended answers make assessments more objective and reliable than projective tests`

Question 40

myers briggs

Answer 40

sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, introversion/extraversion, perceiving/judging

Question 41

sensing/intuition

Answer 41

``` sensing = prefer to rely on what experience through own physical senses intuition = look for patterns and trust hunches ```

Question 42

thinking/feeling

Answer 42

``` thinking = logic, analysis, and experiences that can be verified as facts feeling = make decisions based on personal values and emotional reactions ```

Question 43

introversion/extraversion

Answer 43

same as jung/big five

Question 44

perceiving/judging

Answer 44

``` perceiving = willing to adapt and modify decisions, spontaneous, naturally curious, procrastinate until see all possibilities judging = action-oriented, decisive ```

Question 45

mmpi-2

Answer 45

minnesota multiphase personality inventory tests for abnormal bx and thinking patterns in personality true false statements, has validity scales patterns = mild (shyness etc) to serious (schizophrenia etc)

Question 46

validity scales

Answer 46

built into any well designed psych inventory indicate whether or not person taking inventory responding honestly responses to certain items will indicate if people are trying to make selves look better or worse than are

Question 47

problems with personality inventories

Answer 47

no observer/interpretation bias valid and reliable but validity scales not perfect questions may be interpreted differently, cultural influence

Question 48

phrenology

Answer 48

gall certain areas of brain responsible for certain aspects of personality skull bulge out according to which of traits were dominant

Question 49

deyoung

Answer 49

evidence for biological seat of extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Question 50

extraversion brain

Answer 50

higher volume in medial orbitofrontal cortex (underside of frontal lobe, directly above eyes) associated with recognizing value of rewarding information

Question 51

neuroticism

Answer 51

lower brain volume in several areas responding to threat, punishment, and negative emotions reduced volumes in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and left posterior hippocampus higher brain volume in middle cingulate cortex associated with error detection and response to pain

Question 52

agreeableness

Answer 52

areas of brain associated with intentions of actions and mental states of others more volume posterior cingulate cortex lesser volume in left superior temporal sulcus

Question 53

conscientiousness

Answer 53

left lateral prefrontal cortex | planning, working memory, and voluntary control of bx