States of Consciousness 3

Question 1

psychoactive drugs

Answer 1

chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of those abilities

Question 2

physical dependence

Answer 2

after using drug for some period of time, body becomes unable to function normally without the drug and person is said to be dependent or addicted

Question 3

drug tolerance

Answer 3

sign of physical dependence

as person continues to use drug, larger and larger doses needed to achieve same initial effects of the drug

Question 4

withdrawal

Answer 4

sign of physical dependence

symptoms when deprived of drug such as headaches, nausea, cramps, elevated blood pressure

Question 5

negative reinforcement withdrawal

Answer 5

many users take more of drug to alleviate symptoms of withdrawal
makes whole situation worse

Question 6

classical conditioning withdrawal

Answer 6

use drugs in certain surroundings or with certain people, when these cues are present even harder to resist using the drug

Question 7

contingency-management therapy

Answer 7

operant conditioning strategy

patients earn vouchers for negative drug tests which can be exchanged for healthier items

Question 8

cognitive-behavioral interventions

Answer 8

work to change how people think about stresses in lives and react to those stressors
work toward more effective coping without resorting to drugs

Question 9

physical dependence drugs brain

Answer 9

drugs that can lead to dependence cause release of dopamine in mesolimbic pathway (neural track that goes from midbrain to prefrontal cortex)
brain decreases synaptic receptors for dopamine, next time take drug need more

Question 10

psychological dependence

Answer 10

belief that drug needed to continue feeling of emotional of psychological well being

Question 11

positive reinforcement withdrawal

Answer 11

people think need drug, rewarding properties of drug that cause dependency to develop
not all drugs produce physical dependence but any can become psychologically dependent

Question 12

stimulants

Answer 12

increase functioning of nervous system

sympathetic or CNS speeds up

Question 13

depressants

Answer 13

decrease functioning of nervous system

Question 14

hallucinogenics

Answer 14

alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations
cause brain to alter interpretation of sensations, can produce sensory distortions similar to synesthesia
often experience hallucinations
two kinds: made in lab or found in nature

Question 15

amphetamines

Answer 15

stimulants that are synthesized in labs rather than found in nature
amphetamine psychosis = nausea, vomit, strokes, delusional, paranoia

Question 16

methamphetamine

crystal meth

Answer 16

sometimes used to treat ADHD or narcolepsy

crystalline form that can be smoked

Question 17

cocaine

Answer 17

stimulant, natural drug found in coca plant leaves
produces euphoria, energy, power, pleasure, deadens pain, suppresses appetite
devastating effects, highly addictive
not physical dependence but mood swings, psychologically dependent

Question 18

crack cocaine

Answer 18

stimulant, even more addictive than cocaine

less pure, cheaper

Question 19

nicotine

Answer 19

mild but toxic stimulant
slight rush, raises blood pressure and accelerates heart, raises dopamine in reward pathway, relaxing
hugely addictive, seems not as bad but terrible

Question 20

caffeine

Answer 20

stimulant, natural, helps maintain alertness, increase effectiveness of some pain relievers, doesn’t help induce sobriety

Question 21

barbiturates

Answer 21

aka major tranquilizers or sleeping pills
drugs that have a strong depressant effect
have sedative effect

Question 22

minor tranquilizers

Answer 22

drugs having relatively mild depressant effect

Question 23

benzodiazepines

Answer 23

minor tranquilizers
lower anxiety and reduce stress
valium, xanax, etc

Question 24

rohypnol

Answer 24

date rape drug

unaware of actions but can still respond to commands

Question 25

alcohol

Answer 25

most commonly used and abused depressant
health, economic, social, etc risks
increased risk of osteoporosis (loss of bone density), heart disease, etc
inhibits social rules and natural inhibitions
stimulates release of GABA< inhibit brain’s neural activity

Question 26

order of things alcohol affects

Answer 26

social inhibitions, motor skills, reaction time, speech

Question 27

narcotics

Answer 27

type of depressant that suppresses sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins, the neurotransmitters that deaden pain sensations
all narcotics are derivatives of opium

Question 28

opium

Answer 28

pain-relieving and euphoria-inducing properties

highly addictive, severe withdrawal symptoms

Question 29

morphine

Answer 29

dissolve opium in acid and neutralize it with ammonia
very addictive
used to control severe pain but in small and short doses

Question 30

heroin

Answer 30

derivative of morphine

even more addictive than morphine or opium

Question 31

methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone

Answer 31

used to control withdrawal symptoms and help treat opiate addictions

Question 32

LSD

Answer 32

lysergic acid diethyl amide
synthesized from ergot (grain fungus)
expand consciousness but bad trips common, can’t control which trip go on
can’t perceive reality, poor decisions

Question 33

PCP

Answer 33

phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine or phencyclidine
can be hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or analgesic
hallucinations, distorted sensations, bad effects
violence against self or others

Question 34

MDMA/ecstasy/X

Answer 34

stimulatory hallucinogenic
release of large amounts of serotonin and blocks serotonin reuptake
euphoria, energized, could damage serotonin receptors, excessive liquid intake

Question 35

stimulatory hallucinogenics

Answer 35

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

Question 36

marijuana

Answer 36

comes from cannabis sativa
hashish comes from resin, both contain cannabinoids
has THC, well-being, sensory distortions, relaxed, information processing very bad

Question 37

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Answer 37

most psychoactive cannabinoid

active ingredient in marijuana