Pharmacology: Receptor Signaling and Pharmacodynamics

Question 0

Classifications of physiological systems involving cellular receptors

Answer 0

• Endocrine and Neurocrine
• Nervous
• Paracrine
• Autocrine
• Adhesion

Question 1

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

The study of pharmaceutical interactions with physiological regulatory receptor systems

Question 2

Factor

Answer 2

Substance that functions in a physiological process

Question 3

Effector

Answer 3

A factor regulating a physiological process

Question 4

Examples of effectors

Answer 4

• Hormones
• Neurotransmitters
• Cytokines

Question 5

Endocrine glands

Answer 5

secrete effectors directly into the extracellular space and then to the blood

Question 6

Exocrine glands

Answer 6

Secrete factors through ducts frequently into spaces outside the body

Question 7

Name of effector used in endocrine system that is released by endocrine glands

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

Name of effector in endocrine system that is released by nerves

Answer 8

Neurocrine

Question 9

How do effectors in the endocrine and neurocrine system travel

Answer 9

Via circulation

Question 10

How is specificity achieved in the endocrine and neurocrine systems

Answer 10

Via a wide variety of discrete hormones and receptors recognizing them

Question 11

Name of effector used in nervous system

Answer 11

Neurotransmitter

Question 12

How do effectors in the nervous system travel

Answer 12

via nerves

Question 13

How is specificity achieved in the nervous system

Answer 13

By releasing and confining the neurotransmitter into a synapse

Question 14

Name of effector in paracrine system

Answer 14

Cytokines

Question 15

How do effectors in the paracrine system travel

Answer 15

Via diffusion

Question 16

How is specificity achieved in the paracrine system

Answer 16

Limited volume of distribution contributes to specificity

Question 17

Function of autocrine system

Answer 17

• Allows a cell to respond to a change in the cell’s environment
• May also act as paracrine effectors on nearby cells

Question 18

Name of effector in autocrine system

Answer 18

Cytokines

Question 19

How do effectors travel in the autocrine system

Answer 19

Act on the cell that produced it

Question 20

Adhesion

Answer 20

Receptors on the surface of a cell may interact with and respond to effectors on the surface of another cell or the matrix supporting the cell

Question 21

Receptors (definitions)

Answer 21

Structures that bind signaling effectors

Question 22

How do receptors confer specificity

Answer 22

By binding substances that deviate little from a certain shape

Question 23

Ligands (definition)

Answer 23

Substances that bind to a receptor’s recognition site

Question 24

Location of receptors

Answer 24

• Exterior surface of a cell
• Internally in
  - Cytoplasm
  - Nucleus

Question 25

Function of cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors

Answer 25

Regulate gene transcription

Question 26

What happens when a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor?

Answer 26

• Receptor can regulate an ion flux OR

- Catalyze a reaction by generating a second messenger that can further regulate internal processes