PHILO ENDTERM Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most important invention in an agrarian society
A
The wheel
2
Q
The Bentham’s Utilitarianism
A
Happiness is quantifiable
3
Q
The concept of utilitarianism
A
maximize pleasure while minimizing pain
4
Q
Martin Bubber wrote the book “Moi et Toi”
A
False
5
Q
The society of spectacle argues that not having is vital to start appearing
A
False
6
Q
Why did kant say that one is unable to penetrate the Noumenon-
A
Because you are only an observer
7
Q
commitment is a non essential factor in establishing relation
A
True
8
Q
Why is the question “Who am I” further complicated
A
We have the opportunity to recreate our identities.
9
Q
Andre has 50 pesos and he buys an ice cream to satisfy his cravings, What kind of pleasure is this
A
Bodily Pleasure
10
Q
He qualified pleasure
A
John Stuart Mill
11
Q
Work allows one to achieve self- recognition
A
True because for self- recognition is only achieved through interaction with others.
12
Q
This added to a commodity that makes consures consume a certain product
A
Sign values
13
Q
An effect of bracketing where one sees the thing which appears as a whole
A
Reduction
14
Q
If I am conscious and that I am existing, and the world outside me is also existing, can I conclude that other persons are conscious as well?
A
Disposed of the problem of the other mind
15
Q
why is there no recognition between slave to master an equal conscious being?
A
Because there is no equality being or there is no equal consciousness.
16
Q
The most genuine relationship according to Martin Bubber
A
I thou relationship
17
Q
Religion views death as a transition:
A
Which true because religion can be viewed as a gateway for us to enter the afterlife.
18
Q
Extentialist argue that death is a priority of reason
A
TRUE
19
Q
A defense mechanism that hides one’s self destructive attitude:
A
Rationalization
20
Q
Where statement A has no crrelation to statement B:
A
POST HOC FALLACY
21
Q
He coined the term universalizability
A
Immanuel Kant
22
Q
This ethical principle deals with happiness
A
Utilitarianism
23
Q
deals with the study of the thing which appears
A
Phenomenology
24
Q
two elements for morality to occur
A
freedom and obligation
25
thinking has become the predominant way of considering our entire world
Enframing and Calculative
26
where thinking reduces everything into measurable and calculable forces
Heidegger calls this Enframingwhere thinking reduces everything into measurable and calculable forces
27
This makes human physical interaction more difficult
The Disembodied Subject
28
gives us the opportunity to show people how we want to be seen (e.g., uploading a profile pic where you feel confident and deleting photos that you feel insecure of.)
Virtual societies
29
enables us to engage in dialogues and not be conscious of how we look or act in front of another person.
Virtual Societies
30
(The Virtual Society) members of this society is called
Netizen or a Cyber Citizen
31
leads to a culture of disposability
Throw Away Society
32
is a way of life based on the idea of acquiring and disposing of goods and products quickly through Planned obsolescence
Throw away culture
33
given that one judges and treat people as to what they have
Discrimination
34
given that a person is made to believe that success is manifested through consumption
Materialistic Lifestyle
35
as images and signs flood one’s visions and thoughts
Suppressed critical thinking
36
This means that signs are present everywhere in the consumer society
The Society of Spectacle
37
we are what Guy Debord called “the Society of Spectacle”
Ergo
38
The consumptions of the signs and meanings attached to a certain commodity.
Sign Consumption:
39
are elements added by manufacturers into products via advertising, this gives a certain way for consumers to express their identity, status, and lifestyle.
Sign Values
40
Company reduced the working hours of the workers and increased their wages. This is now known as
Fordism
41
his type of person was a result of the efficiency in production where the supply of goods exceed that current demands of the early industrial societies.
The consumer society
42
the main capital of the post-industrial society with means of production following
Knowledge
43
characterized as knowledge and service-oriented and Popularized by Daniel Bell
Post-Industrial Societies
44
paved to the way for wealth and power to be more limited to fewer people called
Capitalist
45
communication was made much easier due to the invention of the telephone.communication was made much easier due to the invention of the telephone.vv
Industrial Societies
46
New materials and methods for cultivating plants and animals gave birth to Agrarian Societies such as plow and whee
Agrarian Societies
47
This enabled some families to be superior than other families as well.
Horticultural SocietieS
48
This society cultivates and nurtures plans, Their mean of cultivating plants are limited to simple tools like digging sticks and hoes in a small land to be tilled and Men are responsible for clearing the land to be tilled; while women are responsible for taking care of the fruits and vegetablesThis society cultivates and nurtures plans, Their mean of cultivating plants are limited to simple tools like digging sticks and hoes in a small land to be tilled and Men are responsible for clearing the land to be tilled; while women are responsible for taking care of the fruits and vegetablesv
Horticultural Societies
49
An evolution of the Hunter-Gatherer Society, Usually has 50 to 200 people., This paved the way for some families to be richer than others hence, a centralization of wealth and power to richer families occurred, and This Society also gave way for inequality to occur across generations.
Pastoral Societies
50
Simplest type of Society, No permanent settlement, Usually has 30 people or less but may have larger numbers depending on the environment but not reaching 100 and Mostly egalitarian and decisions are through consensus
Hunting and Gathering Societies
51
Refers to the different types of societies that emerge before the 18th century or prior to the Industrial Revolution
Pre-Industrial Societies
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where he proved the existence of the thinking I with the contention that that the soul’s existence is clearer than the body. This focuses on the Problem of the other Minds.
Rene Descartes
53
This allows us to recognize what other people are going through
Empathy
54
This type of person listens to the other but only as an object that needs to be addressed and understood and not as a person.
Dialogue in the I – IT relationship
55
fails to have a dialogical relationship
The I-It relationship
56
is open to listening.
Dialogue in the I – IT relationship
57
is basically a speech.
The I-I relation
58
the foundation of this relationship is a genuine form of conversation
The Dialogue
59
the most genuine relationship and would treat the other as a conscious being and would not treat them as a means to and ends or as an object.
I- thou
60
would treat a conscious being as an object
I-it relationship
61
these people may interact with other conscious beings, but they don’t develop any interest in other people or things.
I-I relationship
62
Martin Buber introduced three types of relationship in his book
Ich Und Du
63
where desires to obtain an object in order to be recognized.
Mediated Recognition
64
The desire for recognition may not necessarily be directed immediately to another person, but mediated by objects – thus, a mediated recognition.
Mediated Recognition
65
The essential element of this relationship is in the possession of another (treated as a property)
Relationship of possession
66
a relationship of domination and may be expressed indifferent forms such as intimidation, harassment, discrimination, mistreatment, persecution, and many more.
Bullying
67
The master and slave is evident by
domination and subjugation.
68
The master does not automatically get recognition from the slave.
Equality
69
The slave performs the work for the master and the master fails to experience the transformative effect of work.
Work
70
relationship where the latter is bought by the former as a form of property
Master-Slave
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who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and hence to a synthesis.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
72
it is a product of our interaction with our world.
Self-consciousness
73
can never be achieved in isolation
Self-consciousness
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the existing collective presuppositions which guide or influence the way we perceive.
The “life-world”
74
There is an undeniable existence of meanings shared by a community, which he calls the
Lifeworld
75
The establishment of knowledge is the product of agreement and confirmation of others.
Epistemological intersubjectivity
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The objectivity of knowledge for Husserl requires the perspective of others.
Epistemological intersubectivity
75
I cannot reduce others to my perception of them and I would not like to be reduced to someone else’s perception of myself.
Ethical Intersubjectivity
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which means suspension of judgements concerning the reality and existence of the world.
Bracketing
77
This is a philosophical basis that the self alone is the only thing certain and the only basis of reality
Solipsism
77
Solipsism comes from the Latin words
solus
77
words solus, meaning
alone and ipse
77
meaning alone and ipse, meaning
self
78
which gives meaning to the contents of its consciousness.
Transcendental ego
78
After bracketing is transcendental reduction wherein, we look at a phenomenon as a whole and find what is essential to the experience.
Reduction
79
is intentional
consciousness
79
the "father" of the philosophical movement known as phenomenology.
Edmund Husserl
79
a natural attitde in a way of looking at things beyond that which appears.
Stereotyping
79
formulated this method because apparently, we tend to go beyond that which appears.
stereotyping
79
means a study of that which appears.
Phenomenology
79
which mean that which appears and study respectively.
words phainomenon and logos
79
came from two Greek words phainomenon and logos
Phenomenology
79
the existence of the soul is more distinct and clearer than the existence of the body.
For Descartes
80
The “I” in the statement is only the
thinker or the knower
80
did not prove the existence of man when he said “Cogito ergo sum.
Mind and Body Dualism Rene Descartes
80
the process of offering justifications or reasons to cover-up or clothe an already arrived at decision meant to hide one’s true negative or destructive motive, to become an acceptable course of action
Rationalization
80
usually employed for propaganda purposes
Emotive term
80
attempt to make a universal statement using “all” based only on a few cases observed.
A hasty generalization
80
the summum bonum or the ultimate goal for utilitarianism
Happiness
80
construed as the maximization of pleasure and the avoidance of pain in order to promote happiness.
Utilitarianism
80
It is mostly base on consequences
Teleological Ethics
80
word telos, meaning
end, goal, or purpose.
81
Teleology came from the root word
telos,
81
deals with how a person will act according to a given situation.
Practical Choice
82
the question what we ought to do according to a normative ethical system.
Intellectual choice
82
why are some animals able to solve simple problems?
Animals have pre-reflective morality since they are not capable of the that humans are able to do wide range of deliberation, Reflection, concept construction,and rational and critical thinking
82
the result of reflection where the human person is endowed with the capacity to think using his rationality and to weigh the consequences of his actions.
Conduct
82
a deliberate human action.
Conduct
82
construed as one’s duty to himself to exercise this freedom as a rational moral being.
Obligation
82
assumed when one is making his choices and is the agent that is taking full responsibility for his actions
Freedom
83
two conditions for morality to occur:
Freedom and obligation
83
guiding principle in its simplest formulation which could be stated as the Universalizability principleprinciple
Categorical Imperative
84
responsible for the cognition of the law of morality in the form of the Categorical Imperative.
Practical law
84
the objective principle of volition prescribing what ought to be done.
Practical Law
84
vital for the recognition of the foundation of morality
Goodwill
84
then truly exercised since our reason tells us what we ought to do.
Freedom
85
the mental faculty that enables agents to deliberate about what they ought to do and to act on the basis of such deliberation
Practical Reason
85
which includes objective foundation of morality, the categorical imperative.
phenomena
85
provides the possibility for one to have the knowledge of phenomena
practical reason
85
provides the a priori (before experience) source of knowledge
Pure Reasons
86
Kant claimed that the mind is endowed into two (2) faculties
pure reason and the faculty of pure intuition.
86
which one’s mind is capable of interpreting and understanding.
Phenomena
86
Kant claimed that as humans, we perceive the world as
Phenomena
86
german philosopher made an exhaustive elaboration of deontological ethics in his book entitled Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785).
Immanuel Kant
87
meaning duty
Dein
87
An ethics based on duty and is derived from the Greek word
Dein
87
evaluative reasoning due to the evaluation of the argument from the moral point of view.
Moral Reasoning
87
must contain an analysis of what is considered as good or bad.
Moral Arguments
87
The result of the process of reasoning or inference is an
argument
87
the search for a statement that be made to yield a new statement which is its conclusion
Argument
88
a process of examining moral arguments
Moral reasoning
88
-reflect one’s own choice regarding what to be part of one’s life, and this becomes the basis of future actions
Moral decisions
88
values that take precedence over other values
Moral values-
88
result of value experience. These are the imperatives one sets upon himself.
Values
88
when one is in the process of choosing among alternatives and setting priorities to do so.
Value experience
88
don’t have a capacity for deliberation
Animals
89
The animal's best have is
pre-reflective morality.
89
described as conduct
Human behavior
89
deliberate human action
Conduct-
89
an act distinct to humans that requires reflection and exercise of rationality
Deliberation
89
taking up one’s duty to oneself to exercise this freedom as a moral being
Obligation
89
being able to make choices and taking full responsibility in planning one’s life
Freedom
89
the basis of mores or customs.
Folkways
89
the basis of mores or customs.
Folkways
89
This notion of what is right is what we call
folkways
90
comes from the root word “mores”.
Morality
90
s now the accepted
medical criterion for death.
Irreversible coma (brain dead)
90
death is now defined as
transition
90
means to have possibilities;
To be—to exist
90
means to lose all the possibilities.
“not to be- not to exist”
90
generally considered a morally impermissible act
suicide
90
s wrong based on the perspective of natural law because
man’s natural disposition is self – preservation.
suicide
90
This is also called mercy killing.
euthanasia
90
can either be active or
passive, depending of the method.
euthanasia
90
It can also be voluntary, involuntary, or
non-voluntary, depending on the
consent of the patient
euthanasia
90
contradicts the role
of physicians.
euthanasia
90
This is defined as an act which intends to bring about the
death of a fetus for the sake of the woman who carries it.
abortion
90
becomes moral if the child will not have a bright future because of biological
defects.
abortion
90
deprives us from our future
killing
90
intrinsically wrong because promotes pre-mature
death
killing
90
criticized the existence of
the afterlife for it takes away man’s focus on
the things that are concrete
Friedrich Nietzsche
90
considered as
the Father of Existentialism
Soren Kierkegaard
90
the concern of faith and
not the concern of reason
After life
90
is the existential
awareness of non-being.
Anxiety
90
Deals with the systematic questioning and critical
examination of the underlying principles of
morality
Ethics
90
Comes from the Greek word which refers to the “ethos”
Refers to a character of a culture
90
which are the customs
including the customary behavior of a particular group of people
mores
90
Meant to answer the question “What is good?”
Normative Ethics
90
It pertains to certain norms or standards for goodness
and badness, rightness of wrongness of an act.
Normative ethics
90
where its standards of
morality are based.
Moral framework
90
Questions the basis of assumptions proposed in a
framework of norms and standards by normative
ethics
Meta-Ethics
90
Examines the presuppositions, meanings, and
justifications of ethical concepts, and principles
Meta-Ethics
90
describes how we apply normative theories to specific issues
Applied Ethics
90
3 formed from
society
Sanctions,customs, habits
90
threatened penalty for disobeying a
law or rule
sanctions
90
a traditional and widely accepted way of
behaving or doing something that is specific to
a particular society, place, or time.
customs
90
a settled or regular tendency or practice,
especially on that which is hard to give up
habits
90
s the most important class of moral judgements
because it has reference to the judger’s own future.”
moral decisions
90
budgeting actions
moral judgements
90
2 kant metaphysics
phenomena
noumena
90
The thing-in-itself (das Ding an sich)
noumena
90
an ethic based on duty
Deontological ethics
90
Provide a posteriori
knowledge (after experience
Pure Intuition of Space and Time
90
something that we are unconditionally
obliged to do, with no regard to the consequences
categorical imperative
90
good in it self without qualification
practical reason
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had the notion that pleasure is quantifiable
Jeremy Bentham
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defense mechanism recognized by psychologists
Rationalization
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