Flashcards in Phonetics - Final Deck (74):
1
Diacritics
special symbols to mark phonetic details on segmental notations (the more marked, the narrow the transcription)
2
Coarticulation
articulation in which sounds overlap to a certain extent; overlapping or simultaneous articulation
3
Assimilation
the influence exercised by one sound on the articulation of another, so that the sounds become more alike
4
Regressive assimilation
anticipatory (e.g. "ten pens" [tEm pEnz]); most common type in English
5
Progressive assimilation
retentive (e.g., "me" [m~i:])
6
Coalescent assimilation
reciprocal (e.g., "got you" ['gɑtʃə])
7
Suprasegmentals
char that go beyond the ID of a series of phones; aspects about the lvl of seg/phon
8
Prosody
the ling use of pitch, loudness, tempo, & rhythm (rhy & tonal feats of sp)
9
Intonation
changes of pitch & stress patterns
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Stress
degree of prominence associated with a particular syllable (correlated to length)
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Rhythm
percvd regularity of prominent units in speech/patterns of stress
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Foot
a basic unit of rhythm (e.g. trochaic: table, cover; iambic: about, react, etc.)
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Pause
a point where sp may be halted; a pause over 100 ms is generally associated w/ syntactic boundaries 200 ms
14
8 diacritics for transcription portion
1 Main or primary stress ˈ
2 Lengthening aː kː
3 Syllabic consonant æpl. ɹ̩ n̩
4 Aspiration tʰ
5 Nasalization ẽ z̃
6 Velarization ɫ
7 Labialization of consonants tʷ dʷ
8 Rhoticity ɚ
15
6 diacritics for test portion
1 Dentalization
2 Palatalization
3 Partial voicing
4 Partial devoicing
5 Unreleased (stop)
6 Lateral release
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Dentalization
symbol: t̺ d̺
- alveolar/nasal or stop tends to be dentalized; use of dental articulation that occurs in Eng when alveolar consants are followed by a(n) (inter)dental fricative e.g. tenth, width
17
Palatalization
symbol: j above symbol moving the tongue (usu. the blade toward the palatal area; glides back a little (as you, this year)
18
Partial Voicing
symbol: v underneath ipa
a voiceless consonant becomes partially voiced, usu. happens to voiceless consonant btw vowels; it may occur b4 vowels or even b4 voiced consonants; absurd (s); assign (s); IHOP (h)
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Partial Devoicing
Symbol o below ipa
a voiced consonant becomes partially devoiced often on word final stops, liquids and glides following voiceless consonants;
big (g); tree (r); judge (dg)
20
Unreleased (stop)
Symbol d̚ ̚
no stop burst (no audible release after a stop consonant); generally occurs for word-final stops
tip; peak
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Lateral Release
Symbol L (lowercase) above the the symbol to the right
lateral release of a consonant gen. involves lateral emission of fricatives followed by [l] in Eng: slide (s)
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Main/Primary stress*
most important diacritic in Eng; most prominent stress in an utterance; Symbol '
occur (second); example (second); butter (first)
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Length(ening)*
refers to longer duration; Symbol: :
sea [si:]; moon [mu:n]
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Syllabic consonants*
liquids and nasals may become syllable nuclei if the preceding vowel in the same syllable is deleted: b^tn (button, n is s.c.); æpl (l is s.c.)
25
Aspiration *
Symbol: raised h;
"puff of air" following a voiceless stop; generally if the voiceless sotp is the sole onset of a stressed syllable, but may occur elsewhere;
cap, pie, tea, too;
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Nasalization*
Symbol ~
lowered velum: velopharyngeal port is open to varying degress; vowels that are followed by nasals (esp if the nasal is in the coda of the same syllable) tend to be nasalized in Eng; him, ban
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Velarization *
this is the "dark l" Symbol: ɫ
the dorsum of the palate approximates the posterior plate of the velum; [l] in the coda position is gen. velarized;
pool, candle
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Labialization of consonants*
Symbol: raised w
in eng., consonants may be labialized (involving some lip rounding and or protrusion) before [w] or round vowels
squeak, school, two
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Rhoticity*
only vowel diacritic that is important: it is r-coloring to vowels; we should assume every vowel before an "r" is rhoticized
Symbol: ɚ; hover; car
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What are the primary correlates of stress?
duration (length), fundamental frequency
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What is the secondary correlate of stress?
intensity (loudness)
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What is contrastive stress?
used to mark an emphasized or contrasted element (e.g. "I want that" versus "I want that"
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What is lexical stress?
used to distinguish words based on stress variation (e.g. "convict (noun) versus convict (verb)) maybe used to mark compound words (e.g. black beard versus Blackbeard (the pirate))
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i
high, front, tense, unrounded;
heat, see, people
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ɪ
high-mid, front, lax, unrounded
pick, bin, cyst
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ɛ
low-mid, front, lax, unrounded
head, bet, friend, test
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æ
low, front lax, unrounded
hat, trap, bat, that
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ə
schwa, mid, central, lax, unrounded
again, pompous, purpose, nation
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ʌ
carrot or hub, low-mid, back-central, lax, unrounded
upper, tough, hut
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u
high, back, tense, rounded
shoe, two, boo, cruise
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ʊ
high-mid, back, lax, rounded
put, book, shook
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ɔ
low-mid, back, tense, rounded
bough, caught, law, torn
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ɑ
low, back, tense, unrounded
father, bother, pot, lot, top
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ɑɪ
unrounded, slight to moderate closing motion during the diphthong (tongue raising and may move somewhat forward;
buy, hi, die, mine
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ɔɪ
from round to unrounded, from low-mid back to mid or high front position (tonuge raising and moving forward)
boy, boil, toy, voice, coin
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ɑʊ
from relatively open, unrounded to rounded and higher (tongue raising and moving back)
now, out, cow, loud
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oʊ
rounded, from mid back to high mid back (tongue raising)
boat, toe, though, own
48
eɪ
lips unrounded, from mid front to high-mid front (tongue raising)
bait, crate, weight, say
49
p
stop, bilabial, voiceless
pie, cap
50
b
stop, bilabial, voiced
bye, cab
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t
stop, alveolar, voiceless
tie, cat
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d
stop, alveolar, voiced
die, bad
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k
stop, velar, voiceless
kite, bike
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g
stop, velar, voiced
dog, god
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f
fricative, labiodental, voiceless
far, off
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v
fricative, labiodental, voiced
give, velar
57
s
fricative, alveolar, voiceless
sam, bus
58
z
fricative, alveolar, voiced
buzz, friends
59
h
fricative, glottal, voiceless
he, human
60
m
nasal, bilabial, voiced
mine, miniature
61
n
nasal, alveolar, voiced
not, nasal, gun
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l
lateral (liquid) alveolar, voiced
lots, pull
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j
glide, palatal, voiced
yes, universe
64
w
glide, labio-velar, voiced
what, where, coward
65
ʔ
stop, glottal, voiceless
"Anna Adams"
66
ʃ
fricative, palatal, voiceless
shoe, bush
67
tʃ
affricate, palatal, voiceless
church, ouch
68
ʒ
fricative, palatal, voiced
genre, vision
69
dʒ
affricate, palatal, voiced
junior, juror
70
θ
fricative, interdental, voiceless
cloth,
71
ð
fricative, interdental, voiced
clothe
72
ŋ
nasal, velar, voiced
sing, ring
73
ɹ
rhotic (liquid), palatal, voiced
ring, burr
74