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Phonetics - Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Diacritics

A

special symbols to mark phonetic details on segmental notations (the more marked, the narrow the transcription)

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2
Q

Coarticulation

A

articulation in which sounds overlap to a certain extent; overlapping or simultaneous articulation

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

the influence exercised by one sound on the articulation of another, so that the sounds become more alike

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4
Q

Regressive assimilation

A

anticipatory (e.g. “ten pens” [tEm pEnz]); most common type in English

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5
Q

Progressive assimilation

A

retentive (e.g., “me” [m~i:])

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6
Q

Coalescent assimilation

A

reciprocal (e.g., “got you” [‘gɑtʃə])

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7
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

char that go beyond the ID of a series of phones; aspects about the lvl of seg/phon

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8
Q

Prosody

A

the ling use of pitch, loudness, tempo, & rhythm (rhy & tonal feats of sp)

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9
Q

Intonation

A

changes of pitch & stress patterns

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10
Q

Stress

A

degree of prominence associated with a particular syllable (correlated to length)

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11
Q

Rhythm

A

percvd regularity of prominent units in speech/patterns of stress

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12
Q

Foot

A

a basic unit of rhythm (e.g. trochaic: table, cover; iambic: about, react, etc.)

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13
Q

Pause

A

a point where sp may be halted; a pause over 100 ms is generally associated w/ syntactic boundaries 200 ms

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14
Q

8 diacritics for transcription portion

A 
1 Main or primary stress ˈ
2 Lengthening aː kː
3 Syllabic consonant æpl. ɹ̩ n̩
4 Aspiration tʰ
5 Nasalization ẽ z̃
6 Velarization ɫ
7 Labialization of consonants tʷ dʷ
8 Rhoticity ɚ
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15
Q

6 diacritics for test portion

A 
1 Dentalization
2 Palatalization
3 Partial voicing
4 Partial devoicing
5 Unreleased (stop)
6 Lateral release
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16
Q

Dentalization

A

symbol: t̺ d̺
- alveolar/nasal or stop tends to be dentalized; use of dental articulation that occurs in Eng when alveolar consants are followed by a(n) (inter)dental fricative e.g. tenth, width

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17
Q

Palatalization

A

symbol: j above symbol moving the tongue (usu. the blade toward the palatal area; glides back a little (as you, this year)

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18
Q

Partial Voicing

A

symbol: v underneath ipa
a voiceless consonant becomes partially voiced, usu. happens to voiceless consonant btw vowels; it may occur b4 vowels or even b4 voiced consonants; absurd (s); assign (s); IHOP (h)

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19
Q

Partial Devoicing

A

Symbol o below ipa
a voiced consonant becomes partially devoiced often on word final stops, liquids and glides following voiceless consonants;

big (g); tree (r); judge (dg)

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20
Q

Unreleased (stop)

A

Symbol d̚  ̚
no stop burst (no audible release after a stop consonant); generally occurs for word-final stops
tip; peak

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21
Q

Lateral Release

A 
Symbol L (lowercase) above the the symbol to the right
lateral release of a consonant gen. involves lateral emission of fricatives followed by [l] in Eng: slide (s)
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22
Q

Main/Primary stress*

A

most important diacritic in Eng; most prominent stress in an utterance; Symbol ‘
occur (second); example (second); butter (first)

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23
Q

Length(ening)*

A

refers to longer duration; Symbol: :

sea [si:]; moon [mu:n]

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24
Q

Syllabic consonants*

A

liquids and nasals may become syllable nuclei if the preceding vowel in the same syllable is deleted: b^tn (button, n is s.c.); æpl (l is s.c.)

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25
Aspiration *
Symbol: raised h; "puff of air" following a voiceless stop; generally if the voiceless sotp is the sole onset of a stressed syllable, but may occur elsewhere; cap, pie, tea, too;
26
Nasalization*
Symbol ~ lowered velum: velopharyngeal port is open to varying degress; vowels that are followed by nasals (esp if the nasal is in the coda of the same syllable) tend to be nasalized in Eng; him, ban
27
Velarization *
this is the "dark l" Symbol: ɫ the dorsum of the palate approximates the posterior plate of the velum; [l] in the coda position is gen. velarized; pool, candle
28
Labialization of consonants*
Symbol: raised w in eng., consonants may be labialized (involving some lip rounding and or protrusion) before [w] or round vowels squeak, school, two
29
Rhoticity*
only vowel diacritic that is important: it is r-coloring to vowels; we should assume every vowel before an "r" is rhoticized Symbol: ɚ; hover; car
30
What are the primary correlates of stress?
duration (length), fundamental frequency
31
What is the secondary correlate of stress?
intensity (loudness)
32
What is contrastive stress?
used to mark an emphasized or contrasted element (e.g. "I want that" versus "I want that"
33
What is lexical stress?
used to distinguish words based on stress variation (e.g. "convict (noun) versus convict (verb)) maybe used to mark compound words (e.g. black beard versus Blackbeard (the pirate))
34
i
high, front, tense, unrounded; | heat, see, people
35
ɪ
high-mid, front, lax, unrounded | pick, bin, cyst
36
ɛ
low-mid, front, lax, unrounded | head, bet, friend, test
37
æ
low, front lax, unrounded | hat, trap, bat, that
38
ə
schwa, mid, central, lax, unrounded | again, pompous, purpose, nation
39
ʌ
carrot or hub, low-mid, back-central, lax, unrounded | upper, tough, hut
40
u
high, back, tense, rounded | shoe, two, boo, cruise
41
ʊ
high-mid, back, lax, rounded | put, book, shook
42
ɔ
low-mid, back, tense, rounded | bough, caught, law, torn
43
ɑ
low, back, tense, unrounded | father, bother, pot, lot, top
44
ɑɪ
unrounded, slight to moderate closing motion during the diphthong (tongue raising and may move somewhat forward; buy, hi, die, mine
45
ɔɪ
from round to unrounded, from low-mid back to mid or high front position (tonuge raising and moving forward) boy, boil, toy, voice, coin
46
ɑʊ
from relatively open, unrounded to rounded and higher (tongue raising and moving back) now, out, cow, loud
47
oʊ
rounded, from mid back to high mid back (tongue raising) | boat, toe, though, own
48
eɪ
lips unrounded, from mid front to high-mid front (tongue raising) bait, crate, weight, say
49
p
stop, bilabial, voiceless | pie, cap
50
b
stop, bilabial, voiced | bye, cab
51
t
stop, alveolar, voiceless | tie, cat
52
d
stop, alveolar, voiced | die, bad
53
k
stop, velar, voiceless | kite, bike
54
g
stop, velar, voiced | dog, god
55
f
fricative, labiodental, voiceless | far, off
56
v
fricative, labiodental, voiced | give, velar
57
s
fricative, alveolar, voiceless | sam, bus
58
z
fricative, alveolar, voiced | buzz, friends
59
h
fricative, glottal, voiceless | he, human
60
m
nasal, bilabial, voiced | mine, miniature
61
n
nasal, alveolar, voiced | not, nasal, gun
62
l
lateral (liquid) alveolar, voiced | lots, pull
63
j
glide, palatal, voiced | yes, universe
64
w
glide, labio-velar, voiced | what, where, coward
65
ʔ
stop, glottal, voiceless | "Anna Adams"
66
ʃ
fricative, palatal, voiceless | shoe, bush
67
tʃ
affricate, palatal, voiceless | church, ouch
68
ʒ
fricative, palatal, voiced | genre, vision
69
dʒ
affricate, palatal, voiced | junior, juror
70
θ
fricative, interdental, voiceless | cloth,
71
ð
fricative, interdental, voiced | clothe
72
ŋ
nasal, velar, voiced | sing, ring
73
ɹ
rhotic (liquid), palatal, voiced | ring, burr
74
ʍ
glide, labio-velar, voiceless | which, where,

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