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MSK > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the physiological functions of skeletal muscles? (5)

A
  • maintenance of posture
  • purposeful movement in relation to external environment
  • respiratory movements
  • heat production
  • contribution to whole body metabolism
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2
Q

what is the largest type of tissue in the human body?

A

muscle

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • cardiac muscles
  • smooth muscles
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4
Q

what muscle type is striated?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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5
Q

how does striation appear under a light microscope?

A

alternating dark bands and light bands

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6
Q

what causes the light/dark bands that can be seen in striated muscle?

A

light- actin thin filaments

dark- myosin thick filaments

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7
Q

what muscles are voluntary and what ones are involuntary ?

A

voluntary- skeletal muscle

involuntary- cardiac and smooth muscle

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8
Q

what nervous system controls skeletal muscle?

A

somatic nervous system

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9
Q

what nervous system control cardiac and smooth muscles?

A

autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

what type of muscle has a neurogenic initiation of contraction?

A

skeletal

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11
Q

what muscle has a myogenic initiation (initiated in muscle) of contraction?

A

cardiac muscle

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12
Q

what muscle has motor units?

A

skeletal muscle (the units are sarcomeres)

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13
Q

what muscle has neuromuscular junction present?

A

skeletal

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14
Q

what muscle has gap junctions present?

A

cardiac

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15
Q

how does calcium enter in cardiac muscle?

A

from ECF and sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

how does calcium enter in skeletal muscle?

A

entirely through the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

what is the transmitted at the neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle?

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

muscles which serve fine movements (external eye muscles, facial expressions, intrinsic hand muscles) have more or fewer fibres per motor unit?

A

fewer

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19
Q

what does the number of muscle fibres per motor unit depend on?

A

the function served by the muscle

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20
Q

how are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton?

A

by tendons

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21
Q

how far do skeletal muscle fibres (cells) extend across the muscle?

A

they extend the entire length of the muscle

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22
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

specialised contractile intracellular structures

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23
Q

where are myofibrils found?

A

in skeletal muscle fibres (cells)

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24
Q

where are sarcomeres found?

A

in myofibrils

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25
Q

what is a functional unit of an organ?

A

the smallest componment capable of performing all functions of that organ

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26
Q

what is the functional unit for skeletal muscle?

A

a sacromere

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27
Q

what are the 4 zones a sacromere has?

A

A-band
H-zone
M-line
I-band

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28
Q

what is the A-band made up of?

A

thick filaments (myosin) along with portions of thin filaments (actin) that overlap both ends of thick filaments (myosin)

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29
Q

what is the H-Zone?

A

area within middle of A-band where thin filaments dont reach

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30
Q

what is the M-line?

A

it extends vertically down the middle of the A-band within the centre of the H-zone

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31
Q

what is the I- band?

A

it consists of remaining portion of thin filaments that do not project in A-band

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32
Q

how is muscle tension produced?

A

by sliding actin filaments on myocin filaments

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33
Q

what does force generation depend on?

A

it depends on ATP dependant interaction between thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments

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34
Q

when is Ca2+ needed?

A

-to switch on cross bridge formation ( actin myosin cross bridge) which allows actin to be pulled inward during contraction

  • myosin is made up of 2 heads; one for ATP and one for binding to actin.
  • actin is made up of lots of actin subunits, tropomyosin and troponin (a Ca2+ binding unit)
  • the tropomyosin on the actin blocks the actin from binding to the myosin
  • when Ca2+ binds to the troponin, the tropomyosin is moved allowing actin to bind to myosin and allowing cross bridge formation
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35
Q

what is ATP required for in skeletal muscle?

A

both contraction and relaxation

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36
Q

why is ATP needed during muscle contraction?

A

to power cross bridges

-it binds to myosin ATP binding site on one of its two heads

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37
Q

what is ATP needed for during relaxation?

A

to release cross bridges and to pump Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

what does the gradation of skeletal muscle tension depend on?

A
  • number of muscle fibres contracting within the muscle

- tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre

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39
Q

how long does the action potential last in skeletal muscle compared to the twitch?

A

action potential is much shorter than the duration of the muscle twitch

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40
Q

how is a stronger contraction of skeletal muscle achieved?

A

by adding together/summating twitches due to repetitive fast stimulation of skeletal muscle

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41
Q

what is isotonic contraction used for?

A
  • body movements

- moving objects

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42
Q

what is isotonic contraction?

A

when the muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes

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43
Q

when is isometric contraction used?

A

to suport objects in fixed positions and for maintaining body posture

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44
Q

what is isometric contraction?

A

when muscle tension develops at constant muscle length

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45
Q

what is the main source of ATP when O2 is present?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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46
Q

what is the main source of ATP when O2 is not present?

A

glycolysis

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47
Q

what is an immediate source of ATP?

A

the transfer of high energy phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP

48
Q

what are slow oxidative type I fibres used for? (slow twitch)

A

prolonged relatively low work aerobic activities e.g. walking

49
Q

what are fast oxidative type IIa fibres used for? (intermediate twitch fibres)

A

-for both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, relatively moderate activities e.g. jogging

50
Q

what are fast glycolytic type IIx fibres used for? (fast twitch)

A

-use anaerobic metabolism and are used for high intensity activities e.g. jogging

51
Q

what are the three types of joints?

A

synovial, fibrous and carilaginous

52
Q

give an example of a fibrous joint

A

-coronal suture (bones of the skull in adults)

53
Q

do fibrous joints allow much movement?

A

no

54
Q

describe the structure of fibrous joints

A

bones united by fibrous tissue

55
Q

describe the structure of cartilaginous joints

A

bones united by cartilage

56
Q

do cartilaginous joints allow much movement?

A

they allow limited movement

57
Q

give examples of cartilaginous joints

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • pubic sympsis
  • part of the sacroiliac joints
  • costochondral joints
58
Q

do synovial joints allow much movement

A

yes a lot

59
Q

give an example of synovial joint

A

hip

60
Q

describe the structure of a synovial joint

A

bones seperated by a cavity (containing synovial fluid) and united by a fibrous capsule

61
Q

what is the inner capsule of the fibrous capsule of the synovial joint lined with?

A

synovial membrane

62
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A

vascular connective tissue with capillary networks and lymphatics that lines the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint

63
Q

where are synovial cells (fibroblasts) found?

A

in the synovial membrane

64
Q

what do synovial cells produce?

A

synovial fluid

65
Q

what are the articular surfaces of bones covered with in a synovial joint?

A

cartilage

66
Q

how can synovial joints be classed?

A

either simple or compound

67
Q

what is a simple synovial joint?

A

a synovial joint that has on pair of articular surfaces (eg metacarpophalangeal joint)

68
Q

what is a compound synovial joint?

A

a synovial joint with more than one pair of articular surfaces (eg elbow joint)

69
Q

what are the physiological functions of joints?

A

to serve the functional requirements of the musculoskeletal system (structural support and purposeful motion)

70
Q

what roles do joints play in purposeful motion?

A
  • stress distribution
  • confer stability
  • joint lubrication
71
Q

was is the function of synovial fluid?

A
  • lubricates the joint, facilitating movement hence reducing friction, wear and tear
  • aids the nutrition of articular cartilage
  • supplies the chondrocytes (cartilage cellss) with O2 and nutrients and removes CO2 and waste
72
Q

what is the joint cavity in a synovial joint filled with?

A

synovial fluid

73
Q

is the synovial fluid static?

A

no because it is continuously replenished and absorbed by the synovial membrane

74
Q

what makes the synovial fluid highly viscous?

A

the hyalorunic acid (mucin) produced by the synovial cells

75
Q

what occurs to the viscosity and elasticity of the synovial fluid during rapid movement?

A

decrease in viscosity

increase in elasticity

76
Q

what occurs to the properties of synovial fluid in OA?

A

the properties become defective due to diseased joint

77
Q

what is the normal WBC of synovial fluid?

A

<200 WBC/mm3

78
Q

what are the normal polymorph levels if synovial fluid?

A

<25m/mm3

79
Q

what happens to the WBC count of the synovial fluid during inflammatory or septic arthritis?

A

is increases

80
Q

when does the synovial fluid turn from normal clear and colourless to red?

A

in traumatic synovial tap and in haemorrhagic arthritis

81
Q

what is the articular cartilage made up of?

A

water (70%) and collagen (20%) (mainly type II collagen which decreases wirth age) and proteoglycan (10%)

82
Q

what is the extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesised, organised, degraded and maintained by?

A

chondrocytes

83
Q

what occurs if the rate of ECM degradation exceeds the rate of its synthesis?

A

joint disease

84
Q

what occurs to the synovial cell during rheumatoid arthritis?

A

synovial cell proliferation and inflammation causing rheumatoid arthritis

85
Q

what does deposition of salt crystals in the joint do?

A

can cause gouty arthritis

86
Q

what are the four distinct processed in the physiology of pain?

A

transduction, transmission, modulation and perception

87
Q

what is the transduction process of pain?

A

-translation of noxious stimulus into electrical activtiy at the peripheral nociceptor

88
Q

what is the transmission process of pain?

A

propagation of pain signal as nerve impulses through the nervous system

89
Q

what is the modulation process of pain?

A

modification/hindering of pain transmission in the nervou system e.g. by inhibitory neurotrasmitters like endogenous opioids

90
Q

what is the perception process of pain?

A

the conscious experience of pain, causes physiological and behavioural responses

91
Q

pain begins with the activation of what receptors?

A

Nociceptors

92
Q

whats an example of a first order neurone?

A

Nociceptor

93
Q

what do first order neurones do?

A

relay information to second order neurones in the CNS by chemical synaptic transmission

94
Q

where are the second order neurones found?

A

they ascend the spinal cord in the anterolateral system (terminate in the thalamus)

95
Q

what is the spinothalamic tract (STT) involved in?

A

Pain perception (location, intensity)

96
Q

what is the spinoreticular tract (SRT) involved in?

A

autonomic responses to pain, arousal, emotional responses, fear of pain

97
Q

what do the third order neurones do in the nociceptive pathway?

A

relay sensory from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex

98
Q

what are the subtype of nociceptors?

A

A delta fibres and C fibres

99
Q

what type of pain do A delta fibres detect?

A

it is myelinated so it mediates the ‘first’ or fast pain

100
Q

what type of pain of pain do C-fibres mediate?

A

they are unmyelinated so mediate ‘second’, slow pain

100
Q

what type of pain of pain do C-fibres mediate?

A

they are unmyelinated so mediate ‘second’, slow pain

101
Q

what nociceptor is incharge of noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli?

A

A delta fibres

102
Q

what nociceptors respond to all noxious stimuli?

A

C fibre

103
Q

what nociceptor is responsible for lancinating, stabbing and pricking sensations?

A

A delta fibres

104
Q

what fibres are responsible for burning, throbbing, cramping and aching sensations?

A

C fibres

105
Q

what does nociceptive pain function as?

A

a warning physiological protective system to detect and avoid noxious stimuli

106
Q

what causes neuropathic pain?

A

damage to neural tissue

107
Q

what does neuropathic pain usually feel like?

A

can be perceived as burning, shooting, numbness, pins ands needles and may be less localized

108
Q

what is dysfunctional pain?

A

pain where there is no identifiable damage or inflammation

109
Q

give examples of dysfunctional pain

A

fibromyalgia, IBS, tension headache, temporomandibular joint disease, interstitial cystitis

110
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

epimysium

111
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

perimysium

112
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

fascicles

113
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

endomysium

114
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

sarcolemma

115
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

myofibril

MSK (64 decks)

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