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Human Nutrition > Proteins & Amino Acids > Flashcards

Proteins & Amino Acids Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

protein definition

A

compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms arranged into strands of amino acids

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2
Q

some amino acids also contain ____ atoms

A

sulfur

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3
Q

amino acid definition

A

building blocks of protein

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4
Q

what is an amino acid made of

A

amino group and acid group attached to a central carbon that has a distinctive side chain

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5
Q

what determines amino acid function

A

the way they’re lined up

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6
Q

3 types of amino acid

A

valine

leucine

tyrosine

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7
Q

dipeptide

A

2 amino acids bonded together

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8
Q

tripeptide

A

3 amino acids bonded together

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9
Q

polypeptide

A

10 or more amino acids bonded together

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10
Q

oligopeptide

A

intermediate strand of 4-10 amino acids bonded together

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11
Q

AA sequence

A

attracts or repels to give it the direction it will fold into

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12
Q

essential amino acids

A

amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts to meet physiological need

aka. indispensable amino acids

9 known

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13
Q

types of essential amino acids (1-5)

A

histidine

isoleucine

leucine

lysine

methionine

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14
Q

types of essential amino acids (6-9)

A

phenylalanine

threonine

tryptophan

valine

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15
Q

non-essential amino acids

A

body can synthesize from consumed essential amino acids

11 known

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16
Q

conditionally essential amino acid

A

normally a non-essential amino acid that becomes essential in special circumstances

must be consumed in diet

cysteine

glutamine

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17
Q

functions of proteins in the body

A

enzymes

antibodies

fluid & electrolyte balance

acid/base rxns

hormones

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18
Q

enzyme

A

protein catalysts make rxn faster/more efficient

facilitates chemical rxns without being changed in the process

all enzymes are proteins

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19
Q

antibodies

A

large proteins of blood and body fluids produced in response to the body being invaded by antigens

purpose is to inactivate the invaders to protect the body

adequate protein is needed to produce antibodies

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20
Q

antigen

A

unfamiliar molecules (mostly proteins) that stimulate an immune response

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21
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by glands in the body in response to altered conditions

travels to one or more target tissues/organs and stimulates specific responses to restore normal conditions

some hormones are proteins, some are sterols

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22
Q

3 types of body fluids

A

intracellular

interstitial (between cells)

intravascular

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23
Q

fluid and electrolyte balance

A

maintenance of the necessary amounts and types of fluids and minerals in each compartment of body fluids

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24
Q

serum albumin

A

maintains fluid id blood vessels

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25
edema
swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from vessels and accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces
26
acid base balance
balance between acid and base concentrations in body fluids and blood body produces acids and bases during normal functions (carried to lungs & kidneys through blood) if blood is too acidic or basic than proteins denature
27
denature
chance in a protein's shape past a certain point, denaturation is irreversible
28
pH
concentration of hydrogen ions
29
acidosis
too much acid in blood & body fluids
30
alkalosis
too much base in blood & body fluids
31
buffers
compounds that can reversibly combine with hydrogen ions to keep a solution's acidity or alkalinity constant
32
how much protein do we need a day?
normal people 0.8 g / kg / day athletes 1.2 g / kg / day body builders/injured 1.5 g / kg / day
33
dietary amino acids
used primarily for protein synthesis not stored like fat or carbohydrates
34
what happens to excess protein?
degrades and produces urea
35
who shouldn't get protein?
chronic kidney disease w/ no dialysis liver failure w/ encephalopathy
36
nitrogen balance
amount of nitrogen consumed vs. excreted in a given period of time lab tech can estimate protein in a sample of food, body tissue, or poop by measuring nitrogen in it
37
nitrogen equilibrium
zero nitrogen balance N in = N out
38
positive nitrogen balance
N in > N out kids, pregnant women, sick people (anorexics, trauma, burns)
39
negative nitrogen balance
N out > N in anorexics, trauma, burns, HIV/AIDS
40
how to figure out your protein need
find body weight in lbs then convert to kg multiply kg by 0.8 g
41
protein synthesis after activity
increases
42
7-28 gm protein per day gained during ...
muscle building phase of training
43
what type of diet spares protein?
carbohydrate rich
44
BCAA
can be used instead of glucose directly into muscle tissue
45
what depletes glycogen
endurance with aerobic activity of moderate intensity and long duration
46
effect of degree of training?
higher degree uses less protein
47
complete protein
contains all amino acids essential in human nutrition in adequate amounts
48
incomplete protein
lacking or low in one or more of the essential amino acids
49
high-quality protein
easily digestible complete protein
50
limiting amino acid
essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in the shorted supply relative to the amount needed for protein synthesis in the body
51
mutual supplementation
combining two incomplete protein sources to form a more complete protein aka. complementary proteins
52
complementary proteins
two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other supply the amino acid the other is lacking
53
vegetarian diets need...
adequate nutrient/energy intakes balance variety moderate fat, sodium, alcohol & caffeine
54
vegetarian diets are generally...
lower in fat & cholesterol
55
concerns with vegetarian diets
energy needs B12 vitamin D zinc & iron (soy inhibits zinc absorption) calcium
56
types of vegetarians
lacto-ovo lacto semi-vegetarian vegan
57
lacto-ovo vegetarian
include milk & eggs no meat, fish, shellfish, poultry
58
lacto-vegetarian
include milk no eggs, meat, fish, shellfish, poultry
59
semi-vegetarians
include some, but not all animal products usually no meat, but will eat fish, shellfish, poultry
60
vegan
exclude all animal-derived foods

Human Nutrition (18 decks)

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